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Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib was Sayyid al-Shuhada in his time. Imam Husain (AS) is Sayyid al-Shuhada for all the times till the Day of Judgement.

'Wassalam.

This is a thoughtful question that shows reflection on the historical account.

Insofar as there is no answer mentioned in history books, it is not possible to give an answer. 

If I were to guess, perhaps it would have aroused too much suspicion to bring water, or perhaps it was an emotional and sudden moment and he was not thinking about things, or perhaps some other reason.

Ayatollah Motahhari was of the view that it is not correct that they were without water for 3 days and nights. See https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol13-no3/ashura-misrepresentations-d...

I don't think there is historical evidence that they were without food, however, the lack of water is much more dire.

God knows best!

 

Yes, it is mentioned in many narrations that Imam al-Mahdi (AS) will martyred and Imam Husain (AS) will pray his Namaz e Janaza. (Biharul Anwar , volume 53, page 103 and Al-Kafi 8:250)

Wassalam.

We need first to define the meaning of Premature death. Because no one dies before his time. That does not mean that every death is Natural. Those who are killed have died in their own time of death. Those who died as victims of a crime of killing, died in their own time of death. We differ with some Non-Muslims who claim that there is a Premature death which means as they claim, that a person who is killed has died before his time of death. They Think that the age which is for certain age group is the maturity for death. Anyone dies before that maturity age as they claim has died Prematurely. This is their own opinion which does not come along with what we read in Quran and Authentic Hadeeths. “Wa Ma Kana Le Nafsin An Tamouta Ella Bi ‘ithnillah Kitaaban Mo’ajjala” ( 3:145)– No one dies but only by permission of Allah, according to written time” 
The way of dying can be Natural, and can be a Crime, and can be any other way. Time is written by Allah on everyone from us. Prophet Yahya (AS) was killed by a tyrant of His time instigated by a bad woman from Bani Israeel. Allah knew that such crime will happen, but the knowledge of Allah about a Crime which is to take place does not mean that Allah has permitted the killing. Allah (SWT) informed the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and His Holy Progeny) that His grandson Hussain will be killed in Karbala. Also informed him that Ameerul Mo'mineen Ali (A.S.) will be killed by Ibne Muljim in Kufa. That does not mean that Allah has permitted the Crime at all. 
Wassalam.