Journal Articles

Al-Taqrib

  1. The Divine Word and Islamic Art
  2. Nurturing a Culture of Unity
  3. Abu Hanifah and the Transmission of Traditions
  4. Imam Khumayni’s Vision of Islamic Unity
  5. The Voice of Unity Part 2: Islamic Brotherhood
  6. The Shia Imams and Muslim Unity Part 1
  7. Editorial, Number 5 November 2009
  8. Unity of the Islamic Schools of Thought According to Imam Musa Sadr
  9. Imamah and Wilayah: Allamah Sharaf Al-Din’s Approach to Conciliation
  10. Civilizational Dialogue and Mysticism: The Holy Qur’an and the Metaphysics of Ibn al-’Arabi
  11. International Quds Day: Re-emergence of a Unifying Social Order for the Ummah
  12. The Voice of Unity Part 1: Unity of the Islamic Community
  13. Shaykh Muhammad Jawad Mughniyyah: A Contemporary Jurisprudent
  14. Some Thoughts on the Road to Islamic Solidarity
  15. The Metaphysics of Interfaith Dialogue: Sufi Perspectives on the Universality of the Qur’anic Message
  16. The Muslim Presence in America
  17. Fatwas about Unity: Contemporary ‘Ulama of the Islamic World
  18. Islamic Welfare and Muslim Unity in the Path of Imam ‘Ali
  19. Majma’ al-Bayan: Bridging Enclaves of Knowledge
  20. Rendering a New Aesthetic: The Development of Islamic Art and Architecture
  21. The Practice of the Holy Prophet (S) and Muslim Leaders in Dealing with Ideological Opponents
  22. Religious Pluralism and the Transcendent Unity of Religions
  23. Imam Ali and the Caliphs: Their Relationship and Interaction
  24. Editorial, Volume 2, Number 3 Winter 2008
  25. Religion in a Secular World: The Case of Shariah Law in Canada
  26. A Glimpse into the Melodiousness of the Qur’an
  27. The Social Dimensions of Wilayah
  28. Elements of Unity
  29. Constructive Interaction between the World Religions: A Framework for World Order
  30. Types of Unity in the Quran and Fundamental Causes of Disunity
  31. Hajj, Manifestation of Unity

Message of Thaqalayn

  1. A Woman of Paradise: The Rebellious Queen of Pharaoh Part 2
  2. Quranic Methods of Propagation from the Viewpoint of Allamah Tabatabai
  3. Community Building in Islam, Part 5
  4. The Globe Before and After the Advent of Imam Mahdi, Part 6
  5. The Witnessing and Recording of Deeds
  6. From Medina to Sham: Lady Zaynab’s Commitment to Wilayah
  7. Religious and Scientific Views on Mental Illness
  8. Courtesy to God: Exemplary Methods of the Arch-Prophets
  9. A Woman of Paradise: The Rebellious Queen of Pharaoh Part 1
  10. Migration of Lady Fatima Al-Ma’sumah to Qum
  11. Community Building in Islam, Part 4
  12. The Globe Before and After the Advent of Imam Mahdi, Part 5
  13. The Spirit and the Word: of the Command of My Lord
  14. Imam Jawad: A Blessed Newborn
  15. Reflections on Munajat Sha'baniyyah
  16. Imam al-Hadi: Torch-Holders of Guidance Series
  17. A Glimpse of Nahjul Balaghah’s Sermon of Disparagement
  18. The Globe Before and After the Advent of Imam Mahdi, Part 4
  19. Quran strategy on its Own Preservation, Part 2
  20. The Core of Action: Sincerity of Intention
  21. Allamah al-Hilli on Imamate in his Kashf al-Murad, Part 5
  22. Community Building in Islam, Part 3
  23. Book Review - scripture, poetry and the making of a community: Reading the Qur'an as a literary text
  24. Unclear (Mutashabih) Verses According to the Will of Lady Fatima Al-Zahra
  25. The Social Functions of Imamate
  26. Intercession and Intermediation
  27. Quran strategy on its Own Preservation, Part 1
  28. The Globe Before and After the Advent of Imam Mahdi, Part 3
  29. The Globe Before and After the Advent of Imam Mahdi, Part 2
  30. Community Building in Islam, Part 2
  31. Maintaining a Just Economy through Belief in the Hereafter
  32. Allamah al-Hilli on Imamate in his Kashf al-Murad, Part 4
  33. Legal Rulings Derived from Qur’anic Stories, Part 2
  34. Patience and Gratitude
  35. Spiritual Accounting Based on Muhasaba al-Nafs by Sayyid ibn Tawus
  36. Community Building in Islam, Part 1
  37. Legal Rulings Derived from Qur’anic Stories, Part 1
  38. Unclear (Mutashabih) Verses According to Ibn Shahr Ashub
  39. Allamah al-Hilli on Imamate in his Kashf al-Murad, Part 3
  40. A Conversation with Abraham: Exploring the Image of God in the Bible and the Qur’an, Part 2
  41. Hypocrisy and its Levels
  42. The Globe Before and After the Advent of Imam Mahdi, Part 1
  43. Indicators of Piety, Part 5
  44. Healthy Personality in our Youth: An Islamic Perspective
  45. A Conversation with Abraham: Exploring the Image of God in the Bible and the Qur’an Part 1
  46. Allamah al-Hilli on Imamate in his Kashf al-Murad, Part 2
  47. The Qur’an in the Words of Imam Sajjad
  48. Imam Sadiq: Role Model for Humanity, Part 2
  49. Imam Sadiq: Role Model for Humanity, Part 1
  50. Common Grounds for Unity between Islamic Schools of Thought
  51. Allamah al-Hilli on Imamate in his Kashf al-Murad, Part 1
  52. Moral Governance Part 4: Culture & Education
  53. Inner and Outer Beauty in Islam: An Introduction
  54. Indicators of Piety, Part 4
  55. Tawassul in the Conduct of Great Scholars
  56. Shi’a Authorities in the Age of the Major Occultation Part 4: Sheikh Tusi
  57. Indicators of Piety, Part 3
  58. The Islamic Understanding of Hardship, Part 2
  59. God’s Mercy through Fasting
  60. The Prophet and International Humanitarian Law
  61. The Emphasis on Justice in Nahjul Balaghah
  62. History of the Shi'a in the Time of Imam Baqir
  63. Moral Governance of Prophet Muhammad Part 3: Peace & War, Judiciary & Politics
  64. Imam Sajjad’s Advice on Upbringing
  65. Indicators of Piety, Part 2
  66. The Islamic Understanding of Hardship, Part 1
  67. Reasons for the Prohibition of Specific Foods in the Quran
  68. The History of the Islamic Seminaries of Qum, Part 2
  69. Good-Naturedness in Islam: Its Signs and Effects
  70. A Glimpse of Tafsir-e Nur: Verses 162-165 of Surah al-An‘am
  71. The Nurturing Role of Lady Fatimah
  72. Indicators of Piety Part 1
  73. The History of the Islamic Seminaries of Qum, Part 1
  74. The Descent of Adam in the Torah and the Qur’an
  75. Spiritual journeying in the Words of Shi’a Mystics
  76. Humility in the Conduct of Great Scholars
  77. Sincerity for the Sake of God
  78. The Supreme Light and Created Lights: A Qur’anic Perspective
  79. Love for the Ahlul Bayt and its Outcomes
  80. Imam Sadiq’s Contribution to the Scientific Movement in the Early Period of Islam
  81. A Glimpse at the Major Shi'a Seminaries, Part 3
  82. Man and the Formation of Social Life According to Tafsir Al-Mizan
  83. Miracles and the Principle of Causality: Christian and Shi’a Perspectives
  84. Imamate and Wilayah, Part 7
  85. Eating and Drinking Conduct of Prophet Muhammad
  86. The Meanings and Addresses of Salam in Prayer
  87. A Probe into the Meaning of Light in the Qur’an and Hadith
  88. A Glimpse at the Major Shi'a Seminaries, Part 2
  89. An Introduction to the Collection of Warram
  90. Forgiveness in the Munajat Sha‘baniyyah
  91. The Beginning of Servitude: Contemplation on the Spiritual and Epistemic Aspects of Fasting
  92. An Inquiry into Religious Dissimulation
  93. A Probe into the Purport and Application of the Verse of Love
  94. Fatima Zahra in the words of the Infallibles
  95. The Special Deputies of Imam Mahdi (as)
  96. A Glimpse at the Major Shi‘a Seminaries part 1
  97. Qur’anic Themes in Minutes
  98. Imamate and Wilayah, Part 6
  99. Imamate and Wilayah Part 5
  100. A Glimpse of Tafsir Al-Mizan: The Miracle of the Qur’an
  101. Introduction to Islamic Sciences Part 3
  102. Examining Selected Jurisprudential Differences among Muslims
  103. A Glance at the Hadith of Unwan Basri
  104. The Philanthropic Ideals in Imam Ali's Rule
  105. Lady Nusrat Beygum Amin
  106. Shiite Authorities in the Age of the Major Occultation Part 3: Sayyid Murtadha
  107. The Position of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a) in the Verse of Mubahalah from a Sunni Perspective
  108. Introduction to Islamic Sciences Part 2: Fiqh and Usul al-fiqh
  109. The Prolonged Lifespan of Imam Mahdi (aj)
  110. Understanding God’s Mercy Part 8
  111. The Contribution of Islamic Civilization to the Scientific and Technical Advancement of the World
  112. Fatima Bint Asad (a)
  113. Introduction to Islamic Sciences, Part 1
  114. An Inquiry into Intercession
  115. A Biography of Imam Ja‘far al-Sadiq (a)
  116. The Influence of the Character of Prophet Muhammad (s) on the Spread of Islam during the Meccan Period
  117. Understanding God’s Mercy, Part 7
  118. Imamate and Wilayah Part 4
  119. Hadith al-Kisa, The Narration of the Cloak
  120. The Status of Knowledge in Islam
  121. Shi‘ite Authorities in the Age of the Major Occultation Part 2: Sayyid Radhi
  122. Lady Fatima’s Role and Influence on Muslim Society
  123. Moral Governance of the Prophet Muhammad (s) Part 2
  124. Understanding God’s Mercy Part 6
  125. Imamate and Wilayah Part 3
  126. Exemplary Women: Lady Umm Salamah
  127. The Stages of Development of Shi'a Jurisprudence
  128. Shi‘ite Authorities in the Age of Major Occultation Part 1: Sheikh Mufid
  129. History of the Shi‘a in the Time of Imam Sajjad (a) Part 2
  130. Moral Governance of the Prophet Muhammad (s) Part 1
  131. Understanding God’s Mercy Part 5
  132. Imamate and Wilayah Part 2
  133. Exemplary Women: Umm ul-Banin
  134. History of the Shi‘a in the Time of Imam Sajjad (a) Part 1
  135. The Islamic Understanding of Prayer
  136. Understanding God’s Mercy Part 4
  137. Justice as a Virtue of the Soul
  138. Migration to Abyssinia
  139. Imam Mahdi (a) in Chapter al-Qadr
  140. Imamate and Wilayah Part 1
  141. Lady Mary as a Role Model in the Qur'an and Bible
  142. Boundless Peace and Friendship in the Qur'an
  143. Understanding God’s Mercy Part 3
  144. Quality of Hijab and the Social Relation of Men and Women
  145. Lady Nafisah
  146. Shi‘ite Authorities in the Age of Minor Occultation, Part 3: Shaykh Saduq
  147. Khums: A Support for Financial Independence, Part 3
  148. Taqwa, Part 2
  149. Understanding God’s Mercy Part 2
  150. Religion and Freedom
  151. Challenges and Dilemmas in Making Values & Ideals
  152. Shi‘ite Authorities in the Age of Minor Occultation
  153. Khums: A Support for Financial Independence Part 1
  154. Determinism and Free Will in the Qur’an
  155. Duty of Acquiring Knowledge
  156. Outcomes of the Spiritual Journey
  157. Islam and Nationalism: A Theoretical Point of View, Part 1
  158. Status of Women in Islam: A Critical Analysis on a Matter of Equality
  159. Preparing the Shi'a for the Age of Occultation Part 2
  160. Moral Characteristics of the Prophets: A Qur'anic Perspective
  161. God in Islamic Traditions: A Glance at Al-Tawhid by Shaykh Al-Saduq
  162. Practical Instructions for Spiritual Journey
  163. Imam Ali (A) the Herald of Unity Part 2
  164. Imam Ali (A) the Herald of Unity Part 1
  165. A Glance at the Process of Self-development
  166. Thematic Approach to Qur'an Exegesis
  167. Shi‘ite Social Theology
  168. Preparing the Shi‘a for the Age of Occultation Part 1
  169. Shaykh Mufid’s Account of Imamate in Al-Irshad
  170. The Connection between Imam Mahdi and imam Husayn, Part 3
  171. The Connection between Imam Mahdi and Imam Husayn, Part 2
  172. The Connection between Imam Mahdi and Imam Husayn, Part 1
  173. Heroic Manifestations of Ashura
  174. Safeguarding Azadari against Wrong Practices
  175. The Martyrdom of Banu Hashim in Karbala as described by Ibn Nama' Al-Hilli
  176. The Role of the Women of Ashura
  177. Imam Husayn: The Heir of Prophet Abraham
  178. The Cause of the Ashura Uprising: A Qur’anic Perspective
  179. Spiritual Dimensions of Mourning for Imam Husayn (a) Part 3
  180. Spiritual Dimensions of Mourning for Imam Husayn (a) Part 2
  181. Spiritual Dimensions of Mourning for Imam Husayn (a) Part 1
  182. The Virtues of Imam Husayn (a) and His Companions
  183. Reflections on Ashura-oriented Literature
  184. Mourning for Imam Husayn (a) and its Outcomes
  185. Pearls of Wisdom: A Selection of hadiths from the Prophet Muhammad
  186. Proximity amongst Islamic Schools of Thought: A necessity for Muslims in the Contemporary Era
  187. A Probe into Wilayah and its Social Dimensions
  188. The Shi‘i Approach to the Interpretation of the Qur’an: Two Classical Commentaries
  189. Different Treatments of Spirituality
  190. The Prophet’s Night Journey and Ascent to Heaven
  191. Editorial Autumn 2009, Vol. 10, No. 3
  192. Al-Ghadir and its Relevance to Islamic Unity
  193. Tawassul - Seeking a Way unto Allah
  194. Glimpses of Shiism in the Musnad of Ibn Hanbal
  195. Methods of Religious Thought in Islam
  196. Editorial Volume 10, Number 1, Spring 1430/2009
  197. Four Centuries of Influence of Iraqi Shiism on Pre-Safavid Iran
  198. A Glance at Historiography in Shiite Culture
  199. The Geography of Quranic Accounts: Eight Questions from Six Scholars of the Quran
  200. Islamic Economy: Its Ideological and Legal Foundations
  201. Cultural Relations Between Christianity and Shia Islam
  202. Ahl-al-Bayt (a): Its Meaning and Origin
  203. General Principles of Imam Khumaynis Political Thought
  204. Intellectual, Political and Social Status of the Shiites on the Verge of Occultation
  205. The Prophetic Hadiths in Al-Khisal
  206. Reason, Faith & Authority: A Shiite Perspective
  207. The Prophets Spiritual State at the Time of His Mission
  208. An Outline of Governance from a Quranic Perspective
  209. Ijtihad: Takhtiah or Taswib
  210. Editorial Volume 10, Number 2, Summer 2009/1430
  211. Different Methodological Approaches to Spirituality
  212. Authority from a Shiite Perspective
  213. An Outline of Law from a Quranic Perspective
  214. Authority and Tradition
  215. The Significance of Self-control and Self-purification
  216. Life of the Prophet Mohammad before Starting the Mission
  217. Understanding God's Mercy, Part 1
  218. Taqwa : Part 1
  219. Shiite Authorities in the Age of Minor Occultation Part II
  220. Khums: A Support for Financial Independence Part 2
  221. Islam, Humanity and Human Values
  222. Hijab and Family Life
  223. Editorial Volume 11, Number 4, Winter 2011/1432
  224. A Glimpse of the Character Traits of the Prophet Muhammad, Part I
  225. Nasir al-Din Tusi and His Socio-Political Role in the Thirteenth Century
  226. The Merits of Fasting and the Month of Ramadan
  227. Key Concepts in Islamic Spirituality: Love, Thankfulness and Humbleness
  228. Islam and Nationalism: A Theoretical Point of View Part 2
  229. Editorial Volume 11, Number 2, Summer 2010/1431
  230. The Doctrine of Mahdi and Pluralism
  231. Divine Justice and the Problem of Evil
  232. Bayt al-Mal and the Distribution of Zakat
  233. The Track of Blood: A poem on Imam Husayn [a]

Al Tawhid

  1. Introduction to Imamiyyah Scholars: Al-Shaykh al-Saduq and His Works
  2. Lubb al-Lubab (The Kernels of Kernels) - A Short Treatise on Wayfaring
  3. Tadwin al-Hadith Part 3
  4. Tadwin al-Hadith Part 2: A Historical Study of the Writing and Compilation of Hadith
  5. Tadwin al-Hadith Part 1: Documentation and Recording of Hadith in Written Form
  6. Wilayat al-Faqih: its Meaning and Scope
  7. Philosophy of Science from the Qur'anic Perspective
  8. Human Rights in Islam
  9. A Study of Sunni and Shii Traditions Concerning Tahrif Part 3
  10. A Study of Sunni and Shii Traditions Concerning Tahrif Part 2
  11. A Study of Sunni and Shii Traditions Concerning Tahrif Part 1
  12. Tasawwuf the Meeting Point of Tashayyu and Tasannun
  13. Fortitude, the Bridge to Victory
  14. Fear and Hope
  15. The Problem of Contradiction in Islamic Philosophy
  16. Selections from Usul al Kafi
  17. Tahrif al-Qur'an: A Study of Misconceptions Regarding Corruption of the Qur'anic Text
  18. The Place of al-Mufid in the Development of Shi'i Kalam and Fiqh
  19. Medical Sects in Islam
  20. Some Old Manuscripts of the Holy Qur'an
  21. Ijtihad: Its Meaning, Sources, Beginnings and the Practice of Ray
  22. The Goals of Islamic Education
  23. The Gospel of the Shia of Ali (a)
  24. Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith
  25. Al-Imam al-Rida [a] and the Heir Apparency
  26. 'Ashura - Misrepresentations and Distortions part 2
  27. 'Ashura - Misrepresentations and Distortions part 1
  28. The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation
  29. Iqbal: The Poet Philosopher of Islamic Resurgence
  30. Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services
  31. An Introduction to Irfan
  32. Irfan and Tasawwuf (Sufism)
  33. Risaleh ye Sayr wa Suluk: A Treatise on Wayfaring
  34. Book Review: Islam and Christianity
  35. Islamic Gnosis (Irfan) and Wisdom (Hikmat)
  36. The Utility of Islamic Imagery in the West
  37. Sociology of the Quran Part I
  38. Alleged Book Burnings in Iran and Egypt: A Study of Related Facts and Fiction
  39. Legislation in an Islamic State
  40. The Relationship between Philosophy and Theology in the Postmodern Age
  41. Zawahir al-Qur'an: The Authority of the Book's Literal Meanings
  42. The Theory of 'Alam al Khalq and 'Alam al-'Amr
  43. A Meeting with Imam Khomeini
  44. An Introduction to Ilm al-Kalam
  45. Defence and Jihad in the Quran
  46. Words of the Word of God: Jesus Christ (a) Speaks through Shii Narrations
  47. Islam and the Modern Age
  48. The Islamic Concept of Knowledge
  49. A Note on Some Recent Western Writing on Islamic Resurgence
  50. The Study of Islamic Philosophy
  51. The Source Of Rights
  52. Shiism in Relation to Various Islamic Sects
  53. The Scientific Dimension of the Quran
  54. Science and the Muslim Ummah
  55. The Human Sciences and Islamic Ideology and Culture
  56. An Introduction to Imamiyyah Scholars Major Shia Thinkers of the Fifth/Eleventh Century
  57. An Outline of the History of Restriction on Ijtihad
  58. Divine Revelation, Human Reason and Science
  59. The Role of Reason in Ijtihad
  60. The Quran and the Nature of Life
  61. An Islamic Perspective of Political Economy: The Views of (late) Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
  62. Misgivings about the Religious Pluralisms of Seyyed Hossein Nasr and John Hick
  63. Islam and Religious Pluralism
  64. Sociology of the Quran Part II
  65. Karbala an Enduring Paradigm of Islamic Revivalism
  66. Book Review : An Introduction to Shia Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiism, by Moojan Momen
  67. Method in Mufids Kalam and in Christian Theology
  68. Book Review : Whose Justice? Which Rationality? by Alasdair MacIntyre
  69. Understanding the Uniqueness of the Quran
  70. Shiism and Its Types during the Early Centuries Part 1
  71. The Alleged Role of Khawajah Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in the Fall of Baghdad
  72. Importance of the Problems of World View
  73. Women in a Quranic Society
  74. Islam and Womens Rights
  75. Western Nationalism and Islamic Nationhood
  76. Three Topics in Theological Philosophy
  77. Theocracy and Democracy
  78. End of Islamic Spain: Dates, Names and Places
  79. Islamic Renewal in Iberia and Latin America: Its Needs and Preconditions
  80. Al-Tawhid and Its Social Implications
  81. Book Review The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought
  82. Sunnah, from Shia and Sunni Viewpoints
  83. Selection from Glimpses of the Nahj al-Balaghah
  84. The Fusion of the Gnostic and Politics in Life of Imam Khomeini
  85. Foreign Policy of an Islamic State
  86. Fasting according to the Five Schools of Islamic Law
  87. Eternity of Moral Values
  88. Book Review: Islam in European Thought
  89. Epistemology of Prophethood in Islam
  90. Book Review: Modern Political Islamic Thought
  91. Editorial about Muharram
  92. Towards a Definition of Terrorism
  93. The Divine Cultural Revolution
  94. Contextualization: A New Missionary Approach to Muslims
  95. The Concept of Love in the Shi'i Creed
  96. Causality and Freedom
  97. Awsaf al Ashraf - The Attributes of the Noble
  98. A Criticism of the Idea of Arab Nationalism
  99. The Islamic System of Judiciary in the Qur'an
  100. Adab al-Suluk: A Treatise on Spiritual Wayfaring
  101. The Causes Responsible for Materialist tendencies in the West (4 of 4)
  102. The Causes Responsible for Materialist tendencies in the West (3 of 4)
  103. The Causes Responsible for Materialist tendencies in the West (2 of 4)
  104. The Causes Responsible for Materialist tendencies in the West (1 of 4)
  105. History and Human Evolution (Lecture II of II)
  106. History and Human Evolution (Lecture I of II)
  107. The Islamic Revolution of 1920 in Iraq

Al Serat

  1. Elegy (Marthiya) on Husayn: Arabic and Persian
  2. Arabic Accounts of al-Husayn's Martyrdom
  3. The Spiritual Significance of Jihad
  4. Islam and the Question of Violence
  5. Great Shi'i Works: 'Kitab al-Irshad' by Al-Mufid
  6. The Interior Life in Islam
  7. The Scholarly Jihad of the Imams - 95 - 148 A.H
  8. Imam Hasan - The Myth of his Divorces
  9. The Martyr of Karbala
  10. The Illustrious Period of the Imamate of Imam Zayn al-'Abidin
  11. The Principle of Ijtihad in Islam
  12. Martyrdom of Imam Husayn and the Muslim and Jewish Calendars
  13. The History of the Islamic Calendar in the Light of the Hijra
  14. The Fast of 'Ashura
  15. The Excellences of Imam Husayn in Sunni Hadith Tradition
  16. Events and Circumstances Surrounding the Martyrdom of al-Husain b. Ali
  17. Islam, the Qur'an and the Arabic Literature
  18. Religious Education of the Younger Generation
  19. The Concept Of Martyrdom In Islam
  20. 'Ashura Lectures 1990
  21. The Social and Spiritual Significance of Urdu Marthiya
  22. Great Shi'i Works: 'Tahdhib al-Ahkam' and 'Al-Istibsar' by Al-Tusi
  23. The Tawwabin: The Repenters
  24. Why "Islamic" Science?
  25. Great Shi'i Works: 'Man la yahduruh al-Faqih' by Al-Saduq
  26. Revelation and Salvation Towards an Islamic View Of History
  27. Reflections on Islam and Modern Life
  28. The Prophet and Prophetic Tradition - The Last Prophet and Universal Man
  29. Imams - Clear and Coherent Policy
  30. The Imam Husayn's Concepts of Religion and Leadership
  31. Great Shi'i Works: Al-Kafi' by Al-Kulayni
  32. Karbala and the Imam Husayn in Persian and Indo-Muslim literature