A. Primary Sources

Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih. al-ʿIqd al-farid. Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hilal, 1986. Ibn Abi Tayfur. Balaghat al-nisa. Qum: Sharif al-Radi Publications, n.d.

Al-`Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. FatH al-bari bi bharH saHiH al-bukhari. Riyad: Dar al-Tayyibah, 2005.

--------. Man la yaHduruhu al-faqih. Ed. ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghaffari Beirut: Muʾassasat al- A‘lami lil al- Matbuʿat, 1986.

--------. al-Iʿtiqadat. Beirut: Dar al-Jawad, 2011.

Ibn al-Athir, ʿIzz al-Din. Usd al-ghabah fi maʿrifat al-sahabah. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1989.

Al-ʿAyyashi, Muhammad ibn Masʿud. Tafsir al-ʿayyashi, 2 vols. Tehran: ʿIlmiyah Printing House, 1960.

Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. Futuh al-buldan, 13 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Maktabat al-Hilal, 1988.

--------. Ansab al-ashraf. Ed. Suhayl Zakar and Riyad al-Zirkali. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1994. Al-Barqi, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. Rijal al-barqi. Tehran: University of Tehran, 1963.

Al-Dinawari, ʿAbdallah, ibn Muslim b. Qutaybah. Ed. Muhammad Nafi‘ al-Mustafa Taʾwil mukhtalif al-Hadith. Amman: Dar al-Bashir, 2004.

Ibn Hazm, ʿAli ibn Ahmad. Jamharat ansab al-ʿarab. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyah, 1983.

Al-Hilali, Sulaym ibn Qays. Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays. Ed. Muhammad Baqir al-Ansari. Qum: Dalil i Ma, 2005.

Al-Hilli, Ibn MutaHHar. Rijal al-ʿAllamah al-Hilli. Qum: Al-Radi Publications, 1982. Ibn Hisham, ʿAbd al-Malik. al-Sirah al-Nabawiyah. Cairo: Mustafa al-Bani, 1936.

Al-Kashshi, Muhammad ibn ʿUmar. Rijal al-kashshi. Mashad: Mashad University Press, 1969. Al-Khasibi, Husayn ibn Hamadan. al-Hidayat al-kubra. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Balagh,

Al-Kufi, Furat ibn Ibrahim. Tafsir al-furat. Tehran: Chap va Nashr Institute, 1989.

Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Yaʿqub. al-Kafi, 8 vols. Ed. ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghaffari Beirut: Dar al- Taʿaruf, 1981.

Mahmudi, Muhammad Jawad. Tartib al-amali. Qum: Muʾassasat al-Maʿarif al-Islamiyah, 2000.

Al-Masʿudi, ʿAli ibn Husayn. Muruj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar, 4 vols. Ed. ‘Asad Daghir. Qum: Dar al-Hijrah, 1989.

Al-Mufid, Al-Nuʿman, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. TasHiH al-iʿtiqadat. Qum: Manshurat al-Rida, 1985.

--------. al-Ikhtisas. Ed. Muhammad Mahdi al-Khirsan. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Haydariya.

--------. Kitab al-jamal. Qum: Shaykh al-Mufid’s Millenium World Conference, 1993.

--------. Kitab al-mazar. Qum: Shaykh al-Mufid’s Millenium World Conference, 1993.

--------. al-Muqni‘ah. Qum: Sheikh Mufid’s Millennium World Congress, 1993.

Al-Murtada, al-Sayyid. Al-Shafi fi al-imamah, 4 vols. Ed. al-Sayyid Fadil al-Milani. Tehran: Muʾassasat al-Sadiq, 2005.

--------. al-Intisar. Najaf: Al-Maktabah al-Haydariyah, 1971.

Al-Muʿtazali, Ibn Abi al-Hadid. SharH nahj al-balaghah, 21 vols. Ed. al-Shaykh al-Husayn al- A‘lami. Beirut: Al-Muʾassasat al-A‘lami lil Matbuʿat, 2004.

Al-Najashi, Ahmad ibn ʿAli. Rijal al-najashi, 2 vols. Qum: Islamic Publications Institute, 1987. Al-Nuʿman, al-Qadi. Daʿaʾim al-islam. Cairo: Dar al-Maʿarif, 1965.

Al-Nuʿmani, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim. al-Ghaybah. Tehran: Maktabat al-Saduq, 1977.

Pseudo-Ibn Qutayba. al-Imamah wa al-Siyasah. Ed. Ibrahim Shams al-Din. Beirut: al-Muʾassasat al-A‘lami lil-Matbuʿat, 2006.

Al-Qummi, Ibn Qawlawayh. Kamil al-ziyarat. Najaf: Al-Murtadawiyah Publications, 1978.

Al-Qummi, Saʿd ibn ʿAbdallah al-ʿAshari. Kitab al-maqalat wa al-firaq. Tehran: Matbaʿah Haydari, 1963.

Ibn Saʿd, Muhammad. al-Tabaqat al-kubra, 10 vols . Ed. Muhammad ibn Qari al-‘Ata. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyah, 1997.

--------. al-Tabaqat al-kubra, 10 vols. Beirut: Maktabat al-Sadiq, 1993.

Al-Saduq, Ibn Babawayh (al-Shaykh). Kamal al-din wa itmam al-niʿmah. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al- Islamiyah, 1975.

--------. al-Khisal. Qum: Islamic Publications Institute, 1983.

--------. Maʿani al-akhbar. Al-Muʾassasah al-ʿAlami lil al-Matbuʿat, 1990.

--------. Man la yahduruhu al-faqih, 4 vols. Ed. ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghaffari. Beirut, Muassasat al-A‘laimi lil-Matbu‘at,1986.

Saffar, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan. Basaʾir al-darajat, 2 vols. Qum: Ayat Allah Marʿashi Library, 1984.

Al-Salam, Abu ʿUbayd. Kitab al-amwal. Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliyat al-Azhariya, 1986.

Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. Tarikh al-tabari, 11 vols. Ed. Muhammad Abu Fadl Ibrahim.

Beirut: Dar al-Turath, 1967.

--------. The History of al- Tabari: the Challenge to the Empires. Trans. Khalid Yahya Blankinship.

Albany: SUNY, 1993.

Al-Tabari, Ibn Rustam. Dalaʾil al-imamah. Beirut: Al-Muʾassasat al-A‘lami lil-Matbuʿat, 1988.

Al-Tabrisi, Mansur Ahmad ibn ʿAli. al-Ihtijaj, 2 vols. Ed. Muhammad Mahdi Khirsan Beirut: Al- Muʾassasat al-A‘lami lil-Matbuʿat, 2000.

Al-Tusi, Abu Jaʿfar Muhammad b. al-Hasan (al-Shaykh). A Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions. Trans. A Ezzati. London: ICAS Press, 2008.

-------. Misbah al-mutahajjad. Ed. al-Shaykh Husayn al-A‘lami. Beirut: Al-Muʾassasat al-A‘lami li al-Matbuʿat, 2004.

-------. Tahdhib al-aHkam. Qum: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyah, 1988.

-------. Talkhis al-shafi, 4 vols. Ed. al-Sayyid Husayn Bahr al-‘Ulum. Qum: Dar al-Kutub al- Islamiya, 1974.

Al-Yaʿqubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Yaʿqub Wadih. Tarikh al-yaʿqubi. Beirut: Dar Sadir, n.d. Al-Zayn, Nabil ʿAbd al-Qadir. al-Nisa Hawla al-nabi. Amman: Dar Usama, 1998.

B. Secondary Sources

Al-ʿAmili, Jaʿfar al-Murtada. Maʾsat al-zaHra. Beirut: Dar al-Sirah, 1997.

Al-Amin, Muhsin. ʿAyyan al-shiʿah, 11 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Taʿaruf lil-Matbuʿat, 1986.

Attasi, Ahmad Nazir. “A History of Ibn Saʿad’s Biographical Dictionary Kitab al-Tabaqat al- Kabir”. Ph.D. Thesis. University of California, Santa Barbara, 2009.

Ayoub, Mahmoud. The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oxford: One World, 2003.

--------. Redemptive Suffering: A study of the Devotional Aspects of ʿAshura in Twelver Shiʿism. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1978.

Al-Azmeh, A. “The Muslim Canon.” In Canonization and Decanonization. Ed. A. Van Der Kooji and

K. Van Der Toorn. Pp. 191-228. Leiden: Brill, 1998.

Brunner, Rainer. “The Role of Hadith as Cultural Memory in Shiʿi History.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 30 (2005): 318-360.

Clohessy, Christopher Paul. Fatimah, Daughter of Muhammad. Piscataway: Georgia Press, 2009. Cobb, P.M. “ʿUmar II Ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz.” In Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd Ed. Brill Online, 2012.

Cooperson, Michael. “Ibn Saʿd.” In Arabic Literary Culture: 500-925. Ed. Michael Cooperson and

Shawkat M. Toorawa. Detroit: Gale, 2005.

--------. Classical Arabic Biographical Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Dakake, Maria. The Charismatic Community: Shi’ite Identity in Early Islam. Albany: SUNY, 2007. Daniel, Elton L. “Al-Yaʿqubi and Shiʿism Reconsidered.” In ʿAbbasid Studies. Ed. James E.

Montgomery. Pp. 209-231. Louvain: Peeters, 2004.

Donner, Fred. Muhammad and the Believers at the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, U.S.A.: Harvard UP: 2011.

--------. Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1998.

A.A. Duri. The Rise of Historical Writing Among the Arabs. Trans. L. Conrad. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984.

Fadlallah, Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Husayn. Al-Zahra al-Qudwa. http://arabic.bayynat.org.lb/books/z-fast-f4m6k6.htm#9.

Halevi, Leor. Muhammad’s Grave. New York: Columbia UP, 2007.

Al-Hashimi, Al-Sayyid Hashim. Hiwar maʿa Fadlallah Hawla al-zahra. Beirut: Dar Zaynab li al- Tibaʿa wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawziʿ, 1998.

El-Hibri, Tayeb. Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia UP, 2010.

Hodgson, Marshall G.S. The Venture of Islam. 3 vols. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1974.

Al-Khuʿi, al-Sayyid Abu al-Qasim. Muʿjam al-rijal al-Hadith, 26 vols. Qum: Markaz al-Athar al- Shiʿiyah, 1990.

Kister, M.J. “The Massacre of the Banu Qurayzah.” Jerusalem Sudies in Arabic and Islam. 8 (1986):61-96.

Knysh, Alexander. Islamic Mysticism: A Short History. Boston: Brill Publications, 2000.

Kohlberg, Etan. “Rafida or al-Rawafid.” In Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd Ed. Brill Online Publications, 2012.

--------. “In Praise of the Few.” In Studies in Islamic and Middle Eastern Tradition in Memory of Norman Calder. Ed. G.R. Hawting, J.A. Mojaddedi, A. Samely. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

--------. “Al-usul al-arbaʿumiʿa.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 10 (1987): 128-166.

--------. “Some Imami Shiʿi Views on the SaHaba.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 5 (1984): 143-75.

--------. “The Term Rafida in Imami Shiʿi Usage.” Journal of the American Oriental Society. 4 (1979): 677-79.

Lecker, M. “Al-Zuhri.” In Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd Ed. Brill Online, 2012.

Lucas, Scott C. Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature, and the Formation of Sunni Islam. Leiden: Brill, 2004.

Madelung, Wilfred. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. “Myth in Primitve Pyschology.” In A Reader in The Anthropology of Religion. Ed. Micheal Lambek 2nd Ed. Pp. 168-176. Malden: Blackwell Publications, 2008.

Al-Mawlati, ʿIzzat al-Din and Al-Tabasi, Muhammad Jaʿfar. Maʿa rakab al-Husayn min al-madina ila al-madina: al-Imam al-Husayn fi al-Karbala. Qum: Markaz al-Dirasat al-Islamiyah, 2003.

Modarressi, Hossein. Tradition and Survival. Vol. 1. Oxford: One World Press, 2003. Moezzi, Amir. “Only the Man of God is Human.” In Shiʿism. Ed. Etan Kohlberg. Pp. 17-39.

Burlington: Ashgate, 2003.

--------. The Divine Guide in Early Shiʾism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. Trans. David Streight.

Albany: SUNY Press, 1994.

Motzki, Harold. “The Jurisprudence of Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri: A Source-Critical Study.” In Analyzing Muslim Tradition: Studies in Legal, Exegetical, and Maghazi Hadith. Ed. Harold Motzki, Nicolet Boekhoff Van- der- Vort and Sean W. Anthony. Pp. 1-46. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

Mourad, Suleiman Ali. Early Islam between Myth and History: Al-Hassan al-Basri and his Legacy in Classical Islamic Scholarship. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

Mustafa, Shakir. Al-Tarikh al-ʿarabi wa al-muʾarrikhun, 4 vols. Beirut: Dar al-ʿIlm li al-Malayin, 1978.

Robinson, Chase F. Islamic Historiography. Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 2003.

Al-Sadr, Ayat Allah Muhammad Baqir. Fadak fi al-tarikh. Najaf: Al-Maktabah al-Haydariyah, 1970.

Spellberg, D.A. Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of ʿ’Aishah bint Abi Bakr. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.

Takim, Liyakat. The Heirs of the Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi’ite Islam. Albany: SUNY Press, 2006.

Tehrani, Agha Buzurg. al-Dhariʿah ila tasanif al-shiʿah. Tehran: Al-Maktabah al-Islamiyah, 1987. Ter Borg, M.B. “Canon and Social Control.” In Canonization and Decanonization. Ed. A. Van der

Kooji and K. Van Der Toorn. Pp. 411-424. Leiden: Brill, 1998.

Toowara, Shawkat. Ibn Abi Tayfur and Arabic Writerly Culture. Oxford: Routledge Curzon, 2005.

Turner, Collin. “The ‘Tradition of Mufaddal’ and the Doctrine of the Raj‘a : Evidence of Ghulluw

in the Eschatology of Twelver Shi‘ism.” Iran 44 (2006): 175-195.

Veccia Vaglieri, L. “Fatimah.” Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd Ed. Brill Online, 2012.

Walbridge, John. God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011.

Wansborough, John. The Sectarian Milieu. New York: Prometheus, 2006. Watt, W.M. The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. Oxford: Oneworld,1998.

---------.“The Rafidites: A Preliminary Study.” Oriens. 16 (1963): 110-21.

--------. Muhammad : Prophet and Statesman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961.