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Chapter 4: The Great Event Of Ghadir Khumm In Sunni Sources

Due to its high significance, we dedicate this chapter to the event and hadith of Ghadir Khumm to study all related aspects.

Hadith Of Ghadir Is Mutawatir (Widely-Transmitted)

According to many Sunni scholars, the hadith of Ghadir has been quoted through many chains of narration and therefore, it is certainly a mutiwatir hadith. Here is the names of some of them:

1. Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali (D. 505 AH)

وأجمع الجماهير على متن الحديث من خطبته في يوم غدير خمّ باتّفاق الجميع و هو یقول من کنت مولاه فعلیّ مولاه.

All Muslims agree that the Prophet (S) said on the day of Ghadir Khumm: “Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority.”1

2. Shams Al-Din Al-Dhahabi

What follows shows that he also believed in this.

3. Ibn Al-Kathir

Analysing the hadith of Ghadir, ibn al-Kathir quotes al-Dhahabi as saying:

وصدر الحديث (من كنت مولاه فعلي مولاه) متواتر، أتيقن أن رسول الله (صلى الله عليه وال وسلم) قاله، وأما (اللهم وال من والاه) فزيادة قوية الإسناد.

The first part of the hadith (whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority) is mutiwatir and I have no doubt that the Prophet (S) has said that. As for the phrase “O Allah! Befriend those who befriend Ali”, it is an additional part which has a strong chain of narration.2

4. Shams Al-Din B. Al-Jazari

He has quoted the hadith of Ghadir through 8 chains of narration. He authored a book titled Asna al-Matalib in which he explicitly talks about the tawatur (widely-transmission) of this hadith:

صحيح عن وجوه كثيرة، متواتر عن أمير المؤمنين علي، وهو متواتر أيضاً عن النبي، رواه الجم الغفير عن الجم الغفير، ولا عبرة بمن حاول تضعيفه ممن لا اطلاع له في هذا العلم وصح عن جماعة ممن يحصل القطع بخبرهم.

This narration is authentic from many respects and it is widely quoted from the Commander of the Faithful Ali as well as the Messenger of God (S). Many groups have narrated it from many groups. The words of those who have considered it weak without mastering the knowledge of hadith are of no value and should be ignored. This hadith has been authenticated by those whose words give us certainty.3

5. Jalal Al-Din Al-Suyuti (D. 910 AH)

As quoted by al-Manawi (see. below), al-Suyuti believed in the tawatur of this hadith.

6. Al-Manawi Al-Shafi‘I (D. 1013)

Commenting on the hadith of Ghadir, al-Manawi quotes al-Suyuti as saying:

حديث متواتر

It is a mutiwatir narration.4

7. Al-Simnani (D. 736 AH)

In his book, al-‘Urwah li-Ahl al-Khalwah, al-Simnani writes:

وهذا حديث متفق على صحته.

This is a narration all agree on its authenticity.5

8. Abu Abd Allah Al-Zarqani Al-Maliki (D. 1122 AH)

As for the authenticity and tawatur of the hadith of Ghadir, al-Zarqani writes:

وهو متواتر رواه ستة عشر صحابيا وفي رواية لأحمد أنه سمعه من النبي صلى الله عليه واله وسلم ثلاثون صحابيا وشهدوا به لعلي لما نوزع أيام خلافته، فلا التفات إلى من قدح في صحته ولا لمن رده بأن عليا كان باليمن لثبوت رجوعه منها وإدراكه الحج معه صلى الله عليه واله وسلم.

This hadith is mutiwatir as it has been narrated by 16 Companions of the Prophet (S) and it is mentioned in a narration of Ahmad that 30 Companions have heard this sermon and speech from the Prophet (S) and according to it, they testified in favour of Ali when he was challenged during his caliphate. Therefore, the claim of those who have objected its authenticity or rejected the said story, asserting that Ali was in Yemen then, is not accepted, since it has been proven that Ali returned from Yemen and joined the farewell pilgrimage of the Messenger of God (S).6

9. Al-Albani (D. 1420 AH)

He writes in Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Sahihah:

وجملة القول أن حديث الترجمة حديث صحيح بشطريه، بل الأول متواتر عنه (صلى الله عليه وال و سلم)، كما يظهر لمن تتبع أسانيده وطرقه.

Both parts of this hadith [the first being “whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority” and the second being “O Allah! Befriend those who befriend Ali and be enemy of those who are his enemies”] are authentic; rather, the first part is mutiwatir as it is clear for the one who studies the chains of this hadith.7

The great number of the narrators of hadith of Ghadir has astonished some Sunni scholars. Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalani writes:

واعتنى بجمع طرقه أبو العباس ابن عقدة، فأخرجه من حديث سبعين صحابياً أو أكثر.

Abu al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Uqda tried to gather all the chains of this narration. He found the hadith of Ghadir to have been quoted from 70 Companions of the Prophet (S) and even more.8

In his commentary on Sahih Bukhari, ‘Asqalani states:

وأما حديث (من كنت مولاه فعلي مولاه) فقد أخرجه الترمذي والنسائي، وهو كثير الطرق جداً، وقد استوعبها ابن عقدة في كتاب مفرد، وكثير من أسانيدها صحاح وحسان.

The hadith of “whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority” has been quoted by al-Tirmidhi and al-Nisa’i. It has been narrated through many chains of narration. Ibn ‘Uqda has mentioned all the chains in a special book, many of which are authentic.9

This greatness in number is best explained by al-Dhahabi:

رأيت مجلداً من طرق الحديث لابن جرير، فاندهشت له و لكثرة تلك الطرق.

I saw a volume written by ibn Jarir (al-Tabari) on the chains of the hadith of Ghadir and was surprized by this book and the great number of the chains.10

Explaining the biography of ibn Jarir al-Tabari, al-Dhahabi writes:

جَمَعَ طرق حديث غدير خم في أربعة أجزاء، رأيت شطره، فبهرني سعة رواياته، وجزمت بوقوع ذلك.

Ibn Jarir al-Tabari collected the chains of the hadith of Ghadir in 4 volumes. I saw a part of it and was astonished by widely-transmission of this hadith and was convinced with certainty that this event has occurred.11

In his al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, ibn al-Kathir al-Dimashqi says about the hadith of Ghadir:

أبو جعفر بن جرير الطبري... وقد رأيت له كتاباً جمع فيه أحاديث غدير خم في مجلدين ضخمين

Abu Ja‘far b. Jarir al-Tabari … I saw a book written by him in which he collected the narrations of Ghadir in 2 voluminous volumes.12

Hadith Of Ghadir In Sunni Sources

Hadith of Ghadir has been quoted in many Sunnis sources in the form of a short narration or long sermon.

1. Sahih Muslim

حَدَّثَنِي زُهَيْرُ بْنُ حَرْب، وَشُجَاعُ بْنُ مَخْلَد، جَمِيعًا عَنِ ابْنِ عُلَيَّةَ، قَالَ زُهَيْرٌ حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو حَيَّانَ، حَدَّثَنِي يَزِيدُ بْنُ حَيَّانَ، قَالَ انْطَلَقْتُ أَنَا وَحُصَيْنُ، بْنُ سَبْرَةَ وَعُمَرُ بْنُ مُسْلِم إِلَى زَيْدِ بْنِ أَرْقَمَ ... قال: قَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَوْمًا فِينَا خَطِيبًا بِمَاءٍ يُدْعَى خُمًّا بَيْنَ مَكَّةَ وَالْمَدِينَةِ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ وَوَعَظَ وَذَكَّرَ ثُمَّ قَالَ أَمَّا بَعْدُ أَلاَ أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ فَإِنَّمَا أَنَا بَشَرٌ يُوشِكُ أَنْ يَأْتِيَ رَسُولُ رَبِّي فَأُجِيبَ وَأَنَا تَارِكٌ فِيكُمْ ثَقَلَيْنِ أَوَّلُهُمَا كِتَابُ اللَّهِ فِيهِ الْهُدَى وَالنُّورُ فَخُذُوا بِكِتَابِ اللَّهِ وَاسْتَمْسِكُوا بِهِ . فَحَثَّ عَلَى كِتَابِ اللَّهِ وَرَغَّبَ فِيهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ وَأَهْلُ بَيْتِي أُذَكِّرُكُمُ اللَّهَ فِي أَهْلِ بَيْتِي أُذَكِّرُكُمُ اللَّهَ فِي أَهْلِ بَيْتِي أُذَكِّرُكُمُ اللَّهَ فِي أَهْلِ بَيْتِي.

The Messenger of Allah (S) stood up to give us a speech beside a pond known as Khumm which is located between Mecca and Medina. Then he praised Allah and reminded Him, and then said: “O people! Behold! It seems the time approached when I shall be called away (by Allah) and I shall answer that call. Behold! I am leaving for you two precious things. The first of them is the Book of Allah in which there is light and guidance ... The other one is my Ahl al-Bayt. I remind you in the name of Allah about my Ahl al-Bayt. I remind you in the name of Allah about my Ahl al-Bayt. I remind you in the name of Allah about my Ahl al-Bayt."13

2. Al-Sunan By Al-Tirmidhi

سمعت أَبَا الطُّفَيْلِ يحدث عن أبي سَرِيحَةَ أو زَيْدِ بن أَرْقَمَ شَكَّ شُعْبَةُ عن النبي صلى الله عليه واله وسلم قال من كنت مَوْلَاهُ فَعَلِيٌّ مَوْلَاهُ

The Holy Prophet (S) said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority”.14

According to al-Albani in Sahih Sunan al-Tirmidhi, this is an authentic narration.15 He has also narrated it in his Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Sahihah16 which contains only authentic narrations.

Ahmad b. Hanbal has also quoted this hadith with an authentic chain in his al-Musnad17. Al-Haythami writes about this hadith:

رواه أحمد ورجاله رجال الصحيح

Ahmad b. Hanbal has quoted this hadith and all narrators in the chain are trustworthy.18

3. Al-Sunan By Al-Nisa’i

Al-Nisa’i has mentioned the hadith of Ghadir in his al-Sunan which is one the 6 canonical collections of hadith (al-Sihah al-Sittah) for Ahl al-Sunna:

أخبرنا قتيبة بن سعيد قال أخبرنا بن أبي عدي عن عوف عن ميمون أبي عبد الله قال زيد بن أرقم: قام رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فحمد الله وأثنى عليه ثم قال ألستم تعلمون أني أولى بكل مؤمن من نفسه قالوا بلى نحن نشهد لانت أولى بكل مؤمن من نفسه قال فإني من كنت مولاه فهذا مولاه أخذ بيد علي.

The Messenger of Allah (S) stood up to give us a speech. He praised Allah and reminded Him, and then said: “Do you not know that I have more authority over the believer than himself?” They replied: “Yes indeed, we testify that you have more authority over the believer than himself.” Then the Prophet (S), taking the hand of Ali, said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority.”19

4. Al-Sunan By Ibn Majah

Ibn Majah narrates the following with an authentic chain of narration:

عن البراء بن عازب، قال: أقبلنا مع رسول الله في حجته التي حج، فنزل في بعض الطريق، فأمر الصلاة جامعة، فأخذ بيد علي رضي الله عنه، فقال: ألست أولى بالمؤمنين من أنفسهم؟ قالوا: بلى، قال: ألست أولى بكل مؤمن من نفسه؟ قالوا: بلى، قال: فهذا ولي من أنا مولاه، اللهم وال من والاه، اللهم عاد من عاداه. وقال الألباني أيضاً في تعليقه على الحديث: صحيح.

Al-Bara’ b. ‘Adhib narrates: We returned with the Messenger of Allah (S) from his hajj he had performed, and we stopped at some point on the road. He (S) commanded that prayer should be performed in congregation, then he took the hand of Ali and said: “Do not I have more authority over the believers than their own selves?” They said: “Yes indeed.” He said: “Do not I have more authority over a believer than his own self?” They said: “Yes indeed.” He said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, this man will be his master and authority. O Allah, befriend those who befriend him, and take as enemies those who take him as an enemy.”20

According to al-Albani, this an authentic narration.

5. Al-Musnad By Ahmad B. Hanbal

Ahmad b. Hanbal, the founder of Hanbali school of jurisprudence, has narrated the hadith of Ghadir with an authentic chain of narration:

أخرج أحمد بن حنبل بسند صحيح عن زيد بن أرقم قال: نزلنا مع رسول اللّه صلى اللّه عليه وسلم بواد يقال له: وادي خم، فأمر بالصلاة فصلاّها بهجير، قال: فخطبنا، وظلّل لرسول اللّه صلى اللّه عليه وسلم بثوب على شجرة سمرة من الشمس، فقال رسول اللّه: ألستم تعلمون؟ ألستم تشهدون أنّي أولى بكلّ مؤمن من نفسه ؟ قالوا: بلى، قال: فمن كنت مولاه فإنّ عليّا مولاه، اللّهم عاد من عاداه، ووال من والاه.

Zayd b. Arqam narrates: We stopped with the Messenger of Allah (S) beside a place known as Wadi Khumm. Then he (S) commanded us to say the prayer. He said his prayer and we did in that hot weather. They threw a cloth on a tree for the Messenger of God (S) to shade him. Then he (S) said: “Don’t you know? Don’t you testify that I have more authority over the believer than himself?” They replied: “Yes.” Then the Prophet (S) said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority. O Allah! Take as enemy those who take him as enemy and befriend those who befriend him.”21

Great Number Of Muslims Present At Ghadir Khumm

Regarding this, Sibt b. al-Jawzi writes:

اتّفق علماء السير أنّ قصّة الغدير كانت بعد رجوع رسول اللّه (صلى اللّه عليه وآله) من حجّة الوداع في الثامن عشر من ذى الحجّة ، وكان معه من الصحابة والأعراب وممّن يسكن حول مكّة والمدينة مائة وعشرون ألفا ، وهم الذين شهدوا معه حجّة الوداع ، وسمعوا منه من كنت مولاه فعلى مولاه

All the scholars of history agree that the event of Ghadir took place on the return of the Holy Prophet (S) from the farewell pilgrimage on 18th Dhi al-Hijja, while some of the Companions and Arabs and some from those living around Mecca and Medina numbered 124000, were with him at the farewell pilgrimage, and they heard that the he (S) said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority.22

Al-Halabi, the famous Sunni scholar, narrates:

وعند خروجه صلى الله عليه واله وسلم للحج … كان معه جموع لا يعلمها إلا الله تعالى قيل كانوا أربعين ألفا وقيل كانوا سبعين ألفا وقيل كانوا تسعين ألفا وقيل كانوا مائة ألف وأربعة عشرة ألفا وقيل وعشرين ألفا وقيل كانوا أكثر من ذلك

When the Prophet (S) decided to go to his [farewell] hajj, he was accompanied by a large group of people, the number of whom is known only by Allah (AS). According to different views, they were 40,000, 70,000, 90,000, 114,000 or 120,000 and yet some believe they were even more.23

In his encyclopaedia, Farid Wajdi writes:

حج رسول الله صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم بالناس في السنه العاشرة من الهجرة ... وكان مع رسول الله صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم في تلك السنة نحو من تسعين ألف.

In the year 10 AH, the Prophet (S) performed hajj with Muslims … About 90,000 people accompanied him (S) in that year.24

How Does Hadith Of Ghadir Prove The Imamate Of Ali?

There is a bunch of evidence showing that in the event of Ghadir Khumm, the Prophet (S) meant to appoint Ali as his Caliph and successor.

Juxtaposition Of Wilayah Of The Prophet (S) And Wilayah Of Ali

أنّهم سَمِعُوا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه واله وسلم يقول لعلي رضي الله عنه يوم غَدِيرِ خُمٍّ أَلَيْسَ الله أَوْلَى بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ قالوا: بَلي! قال اللهم من كنت مَوْلاَهُ فعلي مَوْلاَهُ اللهم وَالِ من وَالاَهُ وَعَادِ من عَادَاهُ.

They heard the Prophet (S) telling Ali on the Day of Ghadir Khumm: “Isn’t it that Allah (SWT) has more authority over the believers?” They answered positively. Then he (S) said: “O Allah! Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority. O Allah, befriend those who befriend him, and take as enemies those who take him as an enemy.”25

As the annotation of Ahmad Shakir shows, the chain of narration is authentic. Also, al-Albani writes:

"حديث صحيح"

It is an authentic narration.26

Ibn al-Kathir Dimashqi writes with regard to hadith of Ghadir:

روي ابن كثير عن زيد بن أرقم قال: فخطبنا رسول الله ... فقال: ألستم تعلمون،أو ألستم تشهدون أني أولى بكل مؤمن من نفسه؟ قالوا : بلى ! قال : فمن كنت مولاه فإن عليا مولاه ...وهذا إسناد جيد رجاله ثقات على شرط السنن وقد صحح الترمذي بهذا السند حديثا في الريث.

Zayd b. Arqam narrates: The Messenger of Allah (S) delivered a speech ... Then he (S) said: “Don’t you know? Don’t you testify that I have more authority over the believer than himself?” They replied: “Yes.” Then the Prophet (S) said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority.” … The narrators in the chain are trustworthy based on the criteria of al-Sunan. Also, al-Tirmidhi has authenticated another hadith with the same chain of narration.27

In his al-Musnad, Al-Bazzar has quoted hadith of Ghadir from Sa‘d b. Abi Waqqas with an authentic chain of narration:

أن رسول الله أخذ بيد علي علیه السلام، فقال: ألست أولى بالمؤمنين من أنفسهم؟ من كنت وليه فإن علياً وليه.

The Prophet (S), taking the hand of Ali said: “Don’t I have more authority over the believers than their own selves? Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority.”28

As for the chain of narration, al-Haythami states:

رواه البزار ورجاله ثقات.

This is narrated by al-Bazzar and all the narrators are trustworthy.29

Ibn Majah has narrated the following from Bara’ b. ‘Adhib:

أقبلنا مع رسول الله في حجته التي حج، فنزل في بعض الطريق، فأمر الصلاة جامعة، فأخذ بيد علي رضي الله عنه، فقال: ألست أولى بالمؤمنين من أنفسهم؟ قالوا: بلى، قال: ألست أولى بكل مؤمن من نفسه؟ قالوا: بلى، قال: فهذا ولي من أنا مولاه، اللهم وال من والاه، اللهم عاد من عاداه. وقال الألباني أيضاً في تعليقه على الحديث: صحيح.

Bara’ b. ‘Adhib narrates: We returned with the Messenger of Allah (S) from his hajj he had performed, and we stopped at some point on the road. He (S) commanded that prayer should be performed in congregation, then he took the hand of Ali and said: “Do not I have more authority over the believers than their own selves?” They said: “Yes indeed.” He said: “Do not I have more authority over a believer than his own self?” They said: “Yes indeed.” He said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, this man will be his master and authority. O Allah, befriend those who befriend him, and take as enemies those who take him as an enemy.”30

According to al-Albani, this an authentic narration.

Again, in his al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn, al-Hakim al-Nayshaburi narrates the following hadith with an authentic chain from Zayd b. Arqam:

خرجنا مع رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله وسلم حتى انتهينا إلى غدير خم فأمر بروح فكسح في يوم ما أتى علينا يوم كان أشد حرا منه فحمد الله وأثنى عليه وقال يا أيها الناس ... وإني أوشك أن أدعى فأجيب وإني تارك فيكم ما لن تضلوا بعده كتاب الله عز وجل ثم قام فأخذ بيد علي رضي الله عنه فقال يا أيها الناس من أولى بكم من أنفسكم؟ قالوا: الله ورسوله أعلم! ألست أولى بكم من أنفسكم؟ قالوا: بلى! قال: من كنت مولاه فعلي مولاه. هذا حديث صحيح الإسناد ولم يخرجاه.

We set out with Allah’s Messenger (S) until we reached Ghadir Khumm. He commanded that a canopy should be put up. He looked tired on that day and it was a very hot day. He praised Allah (SWT) and then said: “O people, … it seems to me that soon I may be called (to breathe my last) which I shall accept. I am leaving in your midst something that will never let you go astray, and that is the Book of Allah (SWT).” Then he stood up, held Ali’s hand and said: “O people, who is the one who has more authority over you than your selves?” All of them said: “Allah (SWT) and His Messenger (S) know better.” Then he (S) added: “Do I not have more authority over you than your selves?” They said: “Yes!” He said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority.”31

According to al-Hakim al-Nayshaburi and al-Dhahbi, this is an authentic narration, although Muslim and Bukhari have not quoted it.

Also, in his al-Musnad, al-Bazzar narrates the following hadith with an authentic chain from ‘Amr Dhi Murr, Sa‘id b. Wahab and Zayd b. Yathi‘:

سمعنا علياً يقول: نشدت رجلاً سمع رسول الله (صلى الله عليه وسلم) يقول يوم غدير خم لما قام، فقام إليه ثلاثة عشر رجلاً فشهدوا أن رسول الله (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم) قال: ألست أولى بالمؤمنين من أنفسهم؟ قالوا: بلى يا رسول الله! قال: فأخذ بيد علي، فقال: من كنت مولاه فهذا مولاه، اللهم وال من والاه وعاد من عاداه وأحبَّ من أحبَّه وأبغض من أبغضه وانصر من نصره واخذل من خذله.

We heard Ali say: “I ask those who heard [the sermon of] the Prophet (S) on the Day of Ghadir Khumm to proclaim what they heard.” Then 13 men stood up and testified that the Prophet (S) said: “Don’t I have more authority over the believers than their own selves?” They answered positively. Then he (S) took the hand of Ali and said: “Whoever I am his master and authority, Ali will be his master and authority. O Allah! Befriend those who befriend him and take as enemy those who take him as enemy. Love those who love him and hate those who hate him. Help those who help him and forsake those who forsake him.”32

Quoting this hadith, al-Haythami states that all the narrators of this hadith are the narrators in Sahih Muslim, except for Fitr b. Khalifa who is a trustworthy narrator.33 Also Ahmad b. Hanbal has narrated it in his al-Musnad with slight differences and according to Ahmad Shakir, the chain is authentic.34

The highlighted phrase mentioned by the Prophet (S) refers to the following verse:

النَّبِيُّ أَوْلى‏ بِالْمُؤْمِنينَ مِنْ أَنْفُسِهِم‏

The Prophet (S) is more authorized and rightful to the believers than themselves. (33:6).

Wilayah of the Prophet (S) in this verse refers to his authority over the Muslims’ affairs and this concept has been stressed by great Sunni scholars of tafsir such as al-Tabari who commenting on the verse, writes:

يقول: أحق بالمؤمنين به من أنفسهم، أن يحكم فيهم بما شاء من حكم، فيجوز ذلك عليهم، كما حدثني يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد: النبي أولى بالمؤمنين من أنفسهم، كما أنت أولى بعبدك، ما قضى فيهم من أمر جاز، كما كلما قضيت على عبدك جاز.

The verse means that the Prophet (S) has more authority over the believers than themselves, in that he has all right to pass judgment among them as he wills. Ibn Zayd said: “The Prophet (S) has more authority over the believers than themselves, just like you have more authority over your slave. He (S) has the right to pass any judgment among them, just like you have the right to pass any judgment about your slave.’35

In his commentary known as al-Kashshaf, Zamakhshari writes:

وهذه الآية أصرح آية في وولاية النبي صلی الله علیه واله وسلم بمعنى أولويته بأمور المسلمين من أنفسهم كما صرّح به كبار علماء أهل السنة: قال الزمخشري: (النبي أولى بالمؤمنين) في كل شئ من أمور الدين والدنيا... وحكمه أنفذ عليهم من حكمها ، وحقه آثر لديهم من حقوقها

This verse is the most explicit one referring to the Wilayah of the Prophet (S) requiring that, as mentioned by great Sunni scholars, he (S) has more authority over Muslims’ affairs than themselves. The Prophet (S) has more authority over the believers with regard to all affairs related to religion and the world … and his judgment is more effective on them than their judgment and his right is preferred over their rights.36

Al-Alusi has mentioned the same in his tafsir.37 Regarding this, al-Bayzawi writes:

(النبي أولى بالمؤمنين من أنفسهم) في الأمور كلها ، فإنه لا يأمرهم ولا يرضى منهم إلا بما فيه صلاحهم ونجاحهم، بخلاف النفس ...

“The Prophet (S) has more authority over the believers” in all the affairs as he (S), contrary to one’s carnal desire, only commands for what is in their favour and saves them.38

Finally, with regard to the Wilayah of the Prophet (S), ibn Qayyim al-Jawzi states:

وقال تعالى : { النَّبِيُّ أَوْلى بِالْمُؤْمِنينَ مِنْ أَنْفُسِهِمْ } وهو دليل على أن من لم يكن الرسول أولى به من نفسه فليس من المؤمنين ، وهذه الأولوية تتضمن أموراً منها : أن يكون أحب إلى العبد من نفسه لأن الأولوية أصلها الحب ونفس العبد أحب له من غيره ، ومع هذا الحب أن يكون الرسول أولى به منها وأحب إليه منها فبذلك يحصل اسم الإيمان ، ويلزم من هذه الأولوية والمحبة كمال الانقياد والطاعة والرضا والتسليم وسائر لوازم المحبة من الرضا بحكمه والتسليم لأمره وإيثاره على ما سواه. ومنها أن لا يكون للعبد حكم على نفسه أصلاً بل الحكم على نفسه للرسول صلی الله وعلیه واله وسلم يحكم عليها أعظم من حكم السيد على عبده أو الوالد على ولده.

Allah (SWT) says: “The Prophet (S) is more authorized and rightful to the believers than themselves.” This verse proves that if someone does not believe that the Prophet (S) is more authorized and rightful to him than himself then he is not a believer. This authority requires that firstly, he should love the Prophet (S) more than himself, since the root of this authority is love and one’s self is the most beloved to him. However, faith is realized when he loves the Prophet (S) more than himself. Such authority and love entail full submission, obeyance, satisfaction, surrendering and other requirements of love including satisfaction with his judgment, submission to his orders and preferring him over others; and secondly that he does not pass any judgment about himself; rather, such judgment belongs to the Prophet (PNUH) whose judgment is greater than that of a master over his slave or a father over his child.39

No doubt, according to the Prophet (S), Wilayah of Ali is rooted in his Wilayah. So, the authority of him (S) requires people to obey Ali. In other words, the Prophet (S) explicitly mentioned that the same Wilayah given to him by Allah (SWT) is there for Ali as well.

  • 1. Ghazali, Majmu’at al-Rasa’il, p. 483.
  • 2. Ibn al-Kathir, al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, vol. 5, p. 233.
  • 3. Al-Jazari, Asna al-Matalib, p. 48.
  • 4. Al-Manawi, Fayz al-Qadir fima Yata‘allaq bi-Hadith al-Ghadir, vol. 6, p. 218 & 282.
  • 5. Al-Simnani, al-‘Urwah li-Ahl al-Khalwah, p. 422.
  • 6. Al-Zarwani, Sharh al-Mawahib, vol. 7, p. 13.
  • 7. Al-Albani, Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, vol. 4, p. 343.
  • 8. Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalani, Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, vol. 7, p. 297.
  • 9. Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalani, Fath al-Bari, vol. 7, p. 74.
  • 10. Al-Dhahabi, Tadhkirat al-Huffaz, vol. 2, p. 713.
  • 11. Al-Dhahabi, Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala’, vol. 14, p. 277.
  • 12. Ibn al-Kathir, al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, vol. 11, p. 167.
  • 13. Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1873, hadith no. 2408.
  • 14. Al-Tirmidhi, al-Sunan, vol. 6, p. 79, hadith no. 371.
  • 15. Al-Albani, Sahih Sunan al-Tirmidhi, vol. 5, p. 633.
  • 16. Al-Albani, Sahih Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Vol. 4, p. 331.
  • 17. Al-Albani, Sahih Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Vol. 5, p. 366.
  • 18. Al-Haythami, Majma‘ al-Zawa’id, vol. 9, p. 104.
  • 19. Al-Nisa’i, al-Sunan al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 131, hadith no. 8469.
  • 20. Ibn Majah, al-Sunan, vol. 1, p. 43, hadith no. 116.
  • 21. Ahmad b. Hanbal, al-Musnad, vol. 5, p. 501, hadith no. 18838.
  • 22. Sibt b. al-Jawzi, Tadhkirat al-khawass, p. 30.
  • 23. Al-Halabi, al-Sirat al-Halabiyyah, vol. 3, p. 308.
  • 24. Farid Wajdi, Da’irat al-Ma‘arif, vol. 3, p. 542.
  • 25. Ahmad b. Hanbal, al-Musnad, vol. 2, p. 195.
  • 26. Al-Albani, Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, vol. 4, p. 249.
  • 27. Ibn al-Kathir, al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, vol. 5, p. 231.
  • 28. Al-Bazzar, al-Musnad, vol. 4, p. 41.
  • 29. Al-Haythami, Majma‘ al-Zawa’id, vol. 9, p. 107.
  • 30. Ibn Majah, al-Sunan, vol. 1, p. 43, hadith no. 116.
  • 31. Al-Hakim al-Nayshaburi, al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn, vol. 3, p. 533.
  • 32. Al-Bazzar, al-Musnad, vol. 3, p. 35.
  • 33. Al-Haythami, Majma‘ al-Zawai’d, vol. 9, p. 104.
  • 34. Ahmad b. Hanbal, al-Musnad, vol. 2, p. 18, hadith no. 951.
  • 35. Al-Tabari, Jami‘ al-Bayan, vol. 21, p 147.
  • 36. Zamakhshari, al-Kashshaf, vol. 3, p. 251; also see. Jawami‘ al-Jami‘, vol. 3, p. 49.
  • 37. Tafsir al-Alusi, vol. 21, p. 151.
  • 38. Tafsir al-Bayzawi, vol. 4, p. 35; also see. Tafsir al-Safi, vol. 4, p. 164.
  • 39. Zad al-Muhajir, vol. 1, p. 29.
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