Amina Inloes

According to narrations from the Sh'i Imams, the "day" referred to in this ayah is the Day of Judgment.

In the Shi'i view, the "spirit" is a separate spiritual being created by Allah (not the angel Jibra'il, who would be included under the category of "angels" anyway).

The verse refers to the angels and Spirit returning towards the spiritual realm (nearer to Allah) after the destruction of the physical universe before the day of judgment. That is, currently some angels have jobs in the physical universe, but they will leave the physical universe at that time.

Hope that helps!

God's Emissaries: Adam to Jesus by Shaykh Rizwan Arastu is a nice work on the history of the prophets, according to narrations.

While there are many books of hadith, here are a couple suggestions:

Sunni hadith: 40 hadith by Imam al-Nawawi
Shi'i hadith: The Scale of Wisdom: A Compendium of Shi'i Hadith, compiled by M. Rayshahri

Happy reading!

This is what is referred to in the Qur'an as Allah sealing people's hearts (e.g. 2:7); i.e. they have gone so far towards evil that they have lost the capability to change.

However, this does not happen if we just make a mistake or do something wrong; rather, it is for people like Yazid. 

A person with their heart sealed might do something that, on the surface, appears to be a good act, but would lack the inner intention for it to genuinely be classified as one in the hereafter.

There isn't a specific answer to this, but when you are actually about to get married, it would be good to discuss your concerns with a trusted older woman (such as a female relative or trustworthy friend) who knows your situation and environment best, and is able to give advice about the marital bed.

These things happen, and I am sure everything will work out for the best! 

You could look at this also (Shaykh Mohammed Ali Ismail, Islamic Anger Management)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-MsjDsDB_I

There are examples of protective taweez in Twelver Shi'i hadith literature (for instance, Tibb al-A'immah (A)). However, how effective an individual piece is depends on how it is made. 

An English translation of this is (alongside the Arabic text) is available here: 

Chapter 105 (page 66-74 of the PDF)
https://www.wofis.com/book/18-AL-KAFI%20The%20Book%20of%20Divine%20Proof...(II)

This edition notes some weaknesses and problems with the hadith in this chapter.

In any case, Shi'a have varying views about the spiritual nature, knowledge, and authority of the Imams. Some take a rather expansive view, and some take a more restrictive view. 

As for the more expansive view, you could read through the book by Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism, which attempts to explain what this means. This tends to be a love-or-hate book - some people love it, other people hate it - but it handles the subject excellently.

Ultimately, if you are Shi'i, this is a theological issue you will have to decide on for yourself (and your views may change over time). If you are not Shi'i, you can  still explore and appreciate the variety of views. 

Here is a website explaining it (there are 3 tabs for instructions, what you write, etc.).

https://duas.org/ariza.htm

The night of 15 Sha'ban is particularly recommended/traditional, but you can do it any time you are in need. 

Yes

Yes

I am sorry to hear about your situation.

This is probably due to the psychology of being in an abusive marriage; possibly the abuser always said directly or indirectly that whatever happens is your fault. (Unfortunately, other people in society will also blame the woman, even if the husband is responsible for his choices.)

Also, in life, we internalize an internal judgmental voice (like a "parent") which judges us based on the social norms that we absorb from other people. This inner voice will continue to judge us even if those people are no longer around (and, in this case, it sounds like there are people who may still be actively reinforcing these ideas). 

Many Muslim women, especially in our generation and above, internalized a voice that said that being a good Muslim woman means being married and having children, and a woman who gets divorced is bad. This idea is more about social expectations (or wanting the security of a marriage for a daughter) rather than Allah or faith.

However, it is common for Muslim women who grew up around these ideas to deal with guilt after divorce, and it can take time to revise one's ideas about what is genuinely important before Allah and in the next life and offload social expectations that no longer serve us.

Sometimes this is also a way of processing trauma as well.

In all these cases, probably the best way to handle it is through qualified psychological counselling/therapy as well as reflection on what is really important in matters of faith. Sometimes, just identifying the issue is a step forward. 

Wishing you the best!

After transcribing this narration (in which the Prophet praises certain historical personalities as brethren of the ancient prophets) on volume 19, pp. 271-272 of Bihar al-Anwar, 'Allamah al-Majlisi expresses a very dim view of its authenticity and describes it as having "signs of fabrication". Apparently, he included it to discuss it, not to preach that it is correct. 

If one's goal is to determine Shi'i belief, one can note that this narration arises through Sunni narrators, including some who were identified as fabricators of hadith, and so it is not the correct sort of narration to look at to determine what Shi'is believe. 

Insofar as this is a very specific question, one assumes that it was mentioned on some sort of polemical website (like a website aiming to prove Shi'ism is wrong), and one wonders what the point is. Was the author of that material aiming to prove Shi'ism is wrong because 'Allamah al-Majlisi included a narration saying that the Prophet praised this or that person? Obviously, the view espoused in this narration is not a normal Shi'i belief, and there are ample parts of Bihar al-Anwar to demonstrate that. So it seems that whatever might have been calling attention this is taking it out of context, and this is disingenous.