Khums

You can use your savings to pay your mortgage before the date of your Khums, then when your date of Khums, you will have no savings to pay Khums from. But if your date of Khums comes and you have any savings,bayou must then pay Khums of that savings. Wassalam.

If you use that 10000 in repaying your loan and nothing remains from it, then no Khums on it as you already spent it is repayment of your loan. If you don't intend to use it in repayment if your loan and want to keep it as a saving, then Khums is applicable on it like any other saving.

Wassalam.

If the Khums of that amount was paid by your father, then no Khums again on it. Any amount which was Khumsable must be cleared by paying its Khums before distribution of the inheritance.

Wassalam.

Khums is obligatory on everything you lawfully own, on the date of your Khums, if it is not in use for your day to day life requirements. There is Khums on items you have purchased and started using like jewelry, clothes, car, house where you live, etc.

Wassalam.

You need to take the value of your investment on the date of your Khums as your ownership.

Wassalam.

Investing in gold exchange is permissible if it does not involve any type of unlawful transaction like usury etc. Khums's must be calculated according to the price on the day of your date of Khums. 
'Wassalam.

Loaned amounts do not belong to you as you has borrowed it from others, so, Khums is not obligatory on you for any amount which is not owned by you. Whatever you own on your date of Khums is to be calculated by you in your Khums.

Wassalam.

If you want to pay parts of your Khums before the date of your yearly Khums, you can do so whenever you want, then pay the rest of your Khums on your Khums date. If your Khums date has already come, and you want to pay it in instalments, you need a permission from your Marje' of Taqleed to do so.

Wassalam.

Every saving which is owned for one year or more must be calculated for Khums. If the whole amount which he received on retirement was his right since one year more, then Khums is obligatory on the whole amount. If any portion of it was owned by him before less than one year, then no Khums on that portion until it completes one year in his own ownership or when his date of yearly Khums comes.

Wassalam.

Companies with mixed income (Lawful and unlawful income) should not be involved in killing or supporting killers of innocents or dealing with alcohol, pork, gambling etc. Working in such mixed income companies then is considered lawful.

Wassalam.

Khums and Sakat are obligatory on the owner himself / herself. Your are responsible to pay your Khums and Zakat from your own wealth. If you and your spouse have joined ownership, then both should agree that any of them to pay their dues. Both should have the intention (Niyyah) of paying their dues religious due for the sake of Allah (SWT).

Wassalam.

The a mount received  fron the insurance of your late father belongs to all the inheritors of your late father according to their shares of inheritance in Sharia. You don't need to give Khums from your share because it was been received as inheritance from your father.

Wassalam.