Ramadan

Chaining up of the devils in the month of Ramadan is mentioned in narrations in both Sunni and Shia books which means that devils will not be free to mislead people as they usually do in other months, that is why the numbers of worshiping Muslims ( fasting, praying and giving charity etc)   are much more in this month of Ramadan compared with other months. Chaining up the devils does not mean that no sin will be committed during the month of Ramadan, but it means that decreasing and restricting their influence on many Muslims.

'Wassalam.

1. Did he break his fast by doing an act which he thought it permissible during fasting then discovered later it invalidates fasting?

2. Was his ignorance avoidable or not avoidable?
3. Was he taught that that act is allowed during fasting then discovered that he was misinformed?

4. What is the invalidating act which he did unknowingly?

The answer to your question depends on these matters.

'Wassalam.

This is a matter of Ijtihad as our leading scholars have different verdicts on it. Ayatullah Khoei and many other scholars say that moon sighting in any part of the world is enough for all parts which shre night with that place. Ayatullah Sistani and many other scholars say that moon sighting depends on the area of sighting and nearby places which share the same horizon.

You need to follow your Marje' of Taqleed.

Laylatul Qadr will follow the date of the start of the month of Ramadan.

Wassalam.

Deliberately not fasting or breaking the fast during the month of Ramadan, is a sinful act which requires Kaffara of either fasting two months, or feeding sixty poor persons. Qadha of the fast remains obligatory.

Wassalam.

If the ejaculation occurred without intending to do that, Qadha is must of that fast. Kaffara is obligatory if it was done intentionally. But how can one masturbate with out intending to do it? Was he sleeping. If he masturbates while he was awake then he has committed it intentionally. If he masturbated but his intention was not to reach to ejaculation, and ejaculation occurred with out his control, that might be possible.

Wassalam.

Yes. All missed fasts which you did not re do as Qadha, must be kept as soon as you can.

Wassalam.

If both of them were really exempted from fasting due to illness which prevents fasting or due to traveling, they will then be allowed to engage in intimacy during the day of month of Ramadan.

Wassalam.

Applying such creams and lotions or any cream or lotion does not harm fasting at all.

Wassalam.

Gates of hellfire are closed for the sincere believers who fast and worship Allah sincerely. Gates of hellfire are not closed for the enemies of Allah and insisting sinners who commit sinful acts and don't care for the orders of Allah (SWT).

Wassalam.

You are not exempt from fasting. Even if your van is always moving to different locations, you need to fast as a frequent traveler.

Wassalam.

Such narrations are not to be taken for granted and most of our great scholars did not follow it in their verdicts. It might be talking about a specific year and can not be taken for all the years.

‘Wassalam.