Kaffara

Abortion is a type of killing of a human being under formation, that is why it is a major sin. The Penalty of such major sin is called Diyah which is obligatory on the person who did the abortion as well as a Kaffara of killing . The Kaffara is three parts; freeing a slave, fasting two months continuously and feeding sixty poor Momin's. The amount of the Diyah depends on the number of the days of the embryo since the formation of the zygote. 
'Wassalam.

No Kaffara and no responsibility on a child in the age of three or four. Estighfaar is always good.

'Wassalam.

Abortion is a major sinful act in Islam act because it is killing a human being in the early stages. There is a sinful act which needs Estighfaar and sincere repentance and a (Diyah) penalty on the person who committed this crime. The amount of the penalty depends on the age of the embryo starting from the moment of the formation of the zygote. Supporting in this major sin is definitely sinful and if the supporter was partner in the abortion, he will be responsible to share the penalty as he shared the crime with same ratio.

Wassalam.

If a person promises Allah (SWT) to do or not to do something, he must fulfill his promise with out fail. If he breaks his promise, he has then committed a sinful act and must expiate by either fasting two months or feeding sixty poor believers. This is called Kaffara of 'Ahd كفارة العهد.

Wassalam.

Fasting the whole of the month of Ramadan is obligatory unless you are traveling or ill with an illness which is related to fasting or caused or worsened by fasting. If taking the antibiotics is must, then you can try to take it in the period fromMahrib till Fajr. If you need to take it during the day and you can not avoid it, then it will be medically necessary which allows you not to fast but you must keep Qadha of that fast which you missed after the month of Ramadan.

Wassalam.

Kaffara has many types e.g. Kaffara of not fasting during the month of Ramadhan, which is feeding sixty poor believers for every missed day of fast, and Kaffara of traveling in a covered vehicle during the state of Ehraam for men in Hajj or Umra which is slaughtering a sheep and distributing it among the poor believers, and Kaffara of not fulfilling an oath, which is feeding ten poor believers or clothing them. These types of Kaffara can be given as material not cash to the poor believers directly.

Wassalam.

There is a Qadha' and Kaffara for every day of missed fasting of the Month of Ramadhan. The Kaffara is either fasting two consequent months or feeding sixty poor believers.

Qadha must be done as soon as possible.

Wassalam.

Kaffara is obligatory when the person deliberately committed the sinful act of not fasting during the month of Ramadhan. If his health does not allow him to fast, and he has no money to feed sixty poor persons, then he should feed the number of poor persons which he can, and recite Estighfaar.

Wassalam.

If a person deliberately did not fast any day of the Month of Ramadhan, he has committed a sinful act and he must that day as Qadha and he must fast two months or feed sixty poor Momineen for not fasting that day.

Exams is not be a valid reason to leave fasting, so, the above rule is applicable.

Wassalam.

Misbehaving with parents is one of the most dangerous major sins. Major sins leads to hellfire unless you leave it and decide not to do it again and compensate it. 

There is no specific Kaffara for such major sin, but to make yur parents happy with you by doing good to them till they pardon you and be happy with you from their heart not just by tongue.

Such major sin is very dangerous in this life as wel as hereafter, so, you need to do everything possible to make your parents happy enough to forgive you and pray fro your forgiveness.

No way to avoid the wrath and curse but to gain the happiness of your parents with you.

Wassalam.