Sayyed Muhammad Husaini Ragheb

Salaam
Late Sheikh Yusuf Sane'ee and Sheikh Muhammad Is'haaq Fayyaz believe in 13 unless other signs of puberty appear before that, and also Sheikh Ibrahim Jannaati believes in the start of her menses as the sign of her puberty.

Salaam
https://www.sistani.org/files-new/book-pdf/english-book-45.pdf
pages 68 and 69
also
https://www.sistani.org/english/book/46/2049/
also
https://www.al-islam.org/ask/topics/8080/questions-about-Insurance
and
https://www.al-islam.org/code-practice-muslims-west-sayyid-ali-hussaini-...

Salaam
Read the wise words of Sheikh Leqa'ee here:
https://www.al-islam.org/articles/islam-first-and-last-religion-mansour-...

Salam
I hope my previous answer helps you :
https://www.al-islam.org/ask/most-of-my-relatives-live-in-iran-while-i-a...

Salam
Ruling 630. Exhuming the grave of a believer – i.e. opening his grave – is unlawful, even if the grave belongs to a child or to an insane person. However, there is no problem if the body has completely decomposed and has become dust.

So the reason mentioned in the question is not a necessity to justify the exhumation

To know more about the exhumation and its exceptions visit:
https://www.sistani.org/english/book/48/2189/

Salaam
In Rokou' when you bend down it is enough to repeat سُبْحانَ اللّهِ  (i.e. subḥānal lāh ) three times or say سُبْحانَ رَبِّیَ الْعَظیمِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ (i.e. subḥāna rabbiyal ʿaẓīmi wa biḥamdih ) only once.

If you didn't know the ruling and just bowed down you don't need to repeat those prayers.

Salaam
There are narrations from Ahlul Bait in this regard like:

1. عن امیرالمؤمنین (ع) لایصلین احدکم خلف المجنون و ولدا الزنا وسائل الشیعة
2. مَعْرُوفٍ عَنْ أَبِی جَمِیلَةَ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ طَرِیفٍ عَنِ الْأَصْبَغِ بْنِ نُبَاتَةَ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَمِیرَ الْمُؤْمِنِینَ ع یَقُولُ سِتَّةٌ لَا یَنْبَغِی أَنْ یَؤُمُّوا النَّاسَ وَلَدُ الزِّنَا وَ الْمُرْتَدُّ وَ الْأَعْرَابِیُّ بَعْدَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَ شَارِبُ الْخَمْرِ وَ الْمَحْدُودُ وَ الْأَغْلَفُ
3. and a narration from Imam Muhammad ibn Ali al-Baqer in which he says don't pray behind 5 types of people one of which is a child out of wedlock.

   Plus that is the consensus of Shia scholars on this ruling.

   The word Imam means Muqtada, a leader and someone whom others follow and set an example in their works. And the Imam of the congregation is the one whom the group and the congregation set as their role model. Therefore, there should not be a defect in the position of the incumbent, although he himself has not interfered in achieving this defect. To explain that, the fact that an illegitimate child is deprived of some social and spiritual positions such as Imamate of the congregation and the authority of Taqlid, etc., which are the contents of some above mentioned narrations, is because of the nature of these positions and it does not mean deprivation of salvation on the Day of Judgment, for example, a blind person can not be in charge of some positions or a person who is very forgetful can not be a judge even if he has not committed the slightest sin in his life, having a good memory is one of the conditions of a judge. But these deprivations have nothing to do with one's felicity or unhappiness(i.e. bad end), and so is that with the illegitimate child, and our proof is that in the same narrations, the illegitimate child is placed next to the insane and the leper, etc., even though someone is not crazy or is not leper by their own will.

   From a social point of view, being an illegitimate is also a kind of defect and does not lead to reputation, because on the one hand, illegitimacy is the product of a shameful act, and on the other hand, most of the illegitimate children have not shown an acceptable record throughout history, and this is certain that in holding some positions, a person should be away from the characteristics and traits that cause hatred and distance from people, even if those characteristics have been imposed on him without authority.

Assalaamu Alaikum
According to Sayyed Sistani it is not permissible to marry someone famous for prostitution on the basis of obligatory precaution UNLESS she repents.

Assalamu Alaikum

Of course you can.

Night prayers are Mustahab and you can decrease the number of the zikrs as well as the number of the prayers itself, i.e. if you can't perform all the 11 Rak'ats at least pray the last three or even the last Rak'ah.

Many hadiths have emphasized the importance of the night prayer. In his will to Imam 'Ali (a), the Prophet (s) emphasized the importance of the night prayer three times. And in a different saying, the Prophet (s) addressed all Muslims by: "I recommend you to say the night prayer, even one rak'a, since it prevents one from committing sins, quenches God's anger and extinguishes the fire on the Dooms Day".

It is so important that it is recommended to perform its qada' if one fails to perform it in its valid time and the person who fails to perform it is considered as a loser. It is recommended that the night prayer be performed even when one is tired or on a travel. Some hadiths from Sunni sources imply that the night prayer used to be obligatory in the early days of Islam, but it became recommended later.

According to the words of the Infallibles (a), committing sins and overeating cause one to lose his or her occasion to say the night prayers.

For more info see https://en.wikishia.net/view/Night_Prayer

Salaam
Only white and clean

Salaam
Verse 9 of Surah Fussilat says: "The earth was created in two days" and verse 10 says: "The mountains, blessings and food of the earth were created in four days"; Following these verses, the creation of the heavens is also mentioned in "two days". It may be thought that the sum of these is eight days. But we must note that the two days mentioned in verse 9 are also part of the four days mentioned in verse 10; In this way, in the first two days, the earth was created and in the next two days, other characteristics were added. In fact, verse 9 speaks of the creation of the earth, and verse 10 discusses the total stages of the creation of the earth and its preparation for life.
translated from the Persian website of Ayatullah Naser Makarem Shirazi

Salaamun Alaikum
It is possible that they pronounce the permanent marriage contract without mentioning the dowry i.e Mahr, so they can decide on what it will be with a mutual consent after the marriage.
But if the intercourse takes place before determining the dowry, the woman will be eligible to ask for the Mahrul Mesl i.e. a dowry which is usually given to this type of girl with these characteristics and family and social position.