Qadha

We must try our best to perform every Prayer within its time and never miss any Prayer as much as we can. If God firbid, Fajr Namaz is missed, we must perform its Qaza as soon as we can. There is no condition to perform Ghusl of Jum’a before performing the Qaza although Ghusl Jum’a is very great recommended Ghusl, but you can perform the Qaza of Fajr with Wudhu only or after Ghusl Jum’a if you wish but Ghusl Jum’a is not obligatory nor a condition for Qaza Namaz.

Wassalam.

No action is due on you.

Qadha fast can be broken deliberately any time before Zawaal (Midday or Dhuhr time)..

If Dhuhr time comes then it will be Haraam to break a Qadha fast.

Wassalam.

Yes. As you were born as a Muslim from Muslim parents, you must perform what you missed from the obligatory worship. You can perform the Qadha gradually as much as you can.
Wassalam.

Qaza fast is obligatory on you as soon as you can. If you become permanently ill and never able to fast, then you need to feed for every day a poor believer which is called Fidya. That is for the days missed while you are ill. For the days which you missed during your youth with out illness, you need to feed sixty poor believers for every day of missed fast.

Wassalam.

No doubt that performing Qaza prayers is obligatory and more important than recommended prayers. The reward for Qaza prayers is more than recommended prayers.
Wassalam.

Touching any Najis item including dogs or its urine etc does need Ghusl at all. You need to wash the part which touched the Najis item with water, then perform Wudhu and pray. It is a sinful act to delay performing the Prayer till it's time goes. Performing the Qadha namaz will not omit the sin of not praying within the time of the prayer.

You must perform your Namaz within its time under any circumstance.

Wassalam.

Offering Qadha prayer does not omit the sin of deliberately ignoring to perform the prayer on its time. That sin needs real repentance and sincerely seeking forgiveness.

Wassalam.

If you deliberately broke any the fast of any day of the month of Ramadan, you need to pay Kaffara beside Qaza and Istighfaar. Kaffara for every day of broken or deliberately missed fast is feeding sixty poor believers. Feeding means giving them one meal of food or at least 750 grams of wheat or rice or any food item.

If broke the fast  with out knowing that it is obligatory on you to fast, then just Qaza of the fast is enough.

Wassalam.

No.
Obligatory Qadha prayer must be performed as Qadha without mixing it with Nafila.

Wassalam.

If you missed fasting few days in the month of Ramadan, due to your menstrual period or due to traveling, you just need to keep Qadha fast for every missed day and there is no Kaffara of feeding sixty poor believers. Kaffara is obligatory on those who deliberately leave fasting not because of illness or menstrual period, or traveling.

Wassalam.

1.Your Night Prayer (Salat Al-Layl) is valid even if time of Fajr starts while you are still praying Night Prayer.

2.Night Prayer can be performed as Qadha and it is recommended for those who missed it to perform it as Qadha any time during day or night.

3. Last verse of Sura Al-Kahf has been mentioned in our books to be recited to wake up easily قُلْ إِنَّمَا أَنَا بَشَرٌ مِّثْلُكُمْ يُوحَىٰ إِلَيَّ أَنَّمَا إِلَٰهُكُمْ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ ۖ فَمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو لِقَاءَ رَبِّهِ فَلْيَعْمَلْ عَمَلًا صَالِحًا وَلَا يُشْرِكْ بِعِبَادَةِ رَبِّهِ أَحَدًا
الكهف ١٨ | الآية: ١١٠]Sura 18, verse 110.

Wassalam.

When Ghusl is not possible, Tayammum must be performed to perform the obligatory Prayer within its time. Tayammum can be performed on any material of earth e.g. dry soil. Sand, stones, dust, etc. Wudhu does not suffice when Ghusl is not possible, but Tayammum is the only alternative.

Wassalam.