Fajr

You need to refer to the experts in your area who have authentic evidence on the time of  Fajr.

If you can not find such trusted experts,bayou should practice precaution (Ehtiyat).

We don't pray any obligatory prayer before being sure that the time has started.

Wassalam.

We must try our best to perform every Prayer within its time and never miss any Prayer as much as we can. If God firbid, Fajr Namaz is missed, we must perform its Qaza as soon as we can. There is no condition to perform Ghusl of Jum’a before performing the Qaza although Ghusl Jum’a is very great recommended Ghusl, but you can perform the Qaza of Fajr with Wudhu only or after Ghusl Jum’a if you wish but Ghusl Jum’a is not obligatory nor a condition for Qaza Namaz.

Wassalam.

Imam Ali (AS) has removed the deviations which were created by the previous three rulers of Saqeefah as he clearly declared that they have deliberately changed the Sunnah of the Prophet (SAWA). He removed the discrimination between Arabs againt non Arab Muslims and between Quraish tribe against other tribes etc.

Imam Ali (AS) suffered a lot from the hypocrites and Quraish tribe who were against him and against his reforms. They took the name of Umar as a slogan against Imam Ali (AS). They asked him in the month of Ramadan to appoint for them a person to lead Taraweeh. He clearly said that it is a Bid'ah away from the Sunnah of the Prophet. They insisted and gathered in the Masjid of Kufa. He sent his son Imam Al-Hasan (AS) to stop them from Taraweeh, but they shouted loudly ( WA SUNNATA UMARAAH)(Where is the Sunnah of Umar?). It reached to a critical point of civil disorder among Muslim society. Imam Ali (AS) had no choice but to leave them to do what they want to save the Muslims from turmoil. You can find details in Sunni books like Sharh Al-Nahj by Ibn Abi Al-Hadeed , V. 12, P. 283 and Tareekh Al-Tabari V.4, From page 281 onward.

Shia books like Wasaa'il Al-Shia , V.5 P. 193 has also mentioned some details of    this matter.

Wassalam.

It is a sinful act to deliberately miss any obligatory Prayer. If it happens for any reason, we need to sincerely seek forgiveness after deciding not to do the sin again, then begging to Allah, The Most Merciful, to forgive us. Allah (SWT) like those who repent and sincerely seek purification. (2:222).

Wassalam.

If the blood stopped before Fajr, you must fast that day, but if the blood stopped after Fajr, then no fast in that day and you need to perform a Qadha fast for every day missed because of menstruation or illness or traveling.

In case the blood stopped but no time for Ghusl, Tayammum must be preformed in stead of Ghusl.

Wassalam.

1.Your Night Prayer (Salat Al-Layl) is valid even if time of Fajr starts while you are still praying Night Prayer.

2.Night Prayer can be performed as Qadha and it is recommended for those who missed it to perform it as Qadha any time during day or night.

3. Last verse of Sura Al-Kahf has been mentioned in our books to be recited to wake up easily قُلْ إِنَّمَا أَنَا بَشَرٌ مِّثْلُكُمْ يُوحَىٰ إِلَيَّ أَنَّمَا إِلَٰهُكُمْ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ ۖ فَمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو لِقَاءَ رَبِّهِ فَلْيَعْمَلْ عَمَلًا صَالِحًا وَلَا يُشْرِكْ بِعِبَادَةِ رَبِّهِ أَحَدًا
الكهف ١٨ | الآية: ١١٠]Sura 18, verse 110.

Wassalam.

It is obligatory on Muslim male to recite Sura Al-Hamd and another Sura in clear voice in Fajr, Maghrib and Isha Prayers. Clear voice does not making others hear you, but it means that you voice is clear even if it is low but can be heard by those who are just near you.

Wassalam.

Yes. It might be obligatory to pray the Farz of Fajr before sunrise, then pray the Nafila after sunrise as Qadha. Praying Nafila (Sunnah) is not permissible if it makes you miss performing the obligatory Prayer within its time.

Wassalam.

You don't need to repeat the Prayer as you prayed as Qadha, thinking that time has already gone. 

Wassalam.

It is not allowed during obligatory Prayer (Salah) to add Rokoo' or  Sojood because it will invalidate the Salah. Reciting any of the four verses of obligatory Sajda is not allowed in obligatory Salah. If you do Sajda for reciting or listening to any of the four verses of obligatory Sajda, you Salah becomes invalid and you need to perform the Salah again. 
Wassalam.