Abolfazl Sabouri

It is because of different ahadith.

The position of the hand in prayer may not be very important, but a scholar must determine who he should refer to after the demise of Prophet to receive the his Sunnah, and  he should know that who is his Ulolamr. Should he refer to the Ahl al-Bayt or he can refer to the companions of the Prophet, even though some of them, they don't know deeply about Islam?

The followers of Ahlulbeit are called Shia and the followers of companions are called Sonni.

Salam alaykom

Islam is the religion of mercy.

Islam teaches us that we are responsible to others. We must be kind to God's creatures. Whenever the Qur'an advises us to donate, it does not make it specific to Muslims.

Yes, if you have to choose between a poor believer and an infidel, it is preferable to help the believer.

It is clear that this Hadith is fake. Ali is the Master of believers according to Qur'an 5:55

And he is the one who we must obey and follow according to Qur'an 4:59

To complete the answers:

To inter heaven the person must be pure and perfect. Punishment is because of the mercy of God to pure the one who has infected himself by his own will.

Therefore, in chapter al-Rahman, hellfire has been counted as one of the blessings of Allah. 

According to Islam all humans are the servants of Allah and slavery is wrong. However the time of Prophet a lot of people were slave and slavery was acceptable in the world. Islam started to teach people that it is wrong and to free the slaves step by step . First Islam gave them rights and made rules to support them.... 

Anyway according to Islam the female slaves were like the wife of the owner and the male slaves were mahram. 

If he started propagating against Islam, then he/she will be punished.

Verse 3:86 & 87 in the Quran are about irtedad but it is not about punishment. It is in ahadith. 

When we say Prophet, if we mean that high level of humanity it was and it is possible even for women to be Prophet, to receive message from Allah at least for herself. 

But Prophet as a person who receives message from Allah and send it to people :

1. It is not easy to prove that all Messengers were men, as we do not know all of them.

2. (if we accept that all of them were men) It was a hard job that according to situations of that time it was not proper for women.

3. According to understanding of some scholars from Quran, saint Mary was a Prophet! So even women could be Messengers. 

Yes your fast is valid. 

Yes. 

If fasting is very difficult for a person then he can do it later. 

As the ulama say, if it is with the permission of the husband, it is not Haram. 

Maybe it is necessary for the first 7 days of life. 

At least we can say it is like hair and nails that we should cut them...