Woman

Bismihi ta'ala

A healthy spousal relationship is based primarily on communication. The husband and wife must discuss whatever is needed between them, and inform each other what they want, what they like/dislike, what their expectations are, and so on. 

Anything that contributes to keeping the marriage stable must be discussed. 

If husband and wife have a mutual understanding on leaving the house, where to go, where not to go, when to return, who to see, who not to see, etc., then many problems will be avoided.

The husband can give a general consent to the wife, and that is usually what happens, unless he turns to become an oppressive controlling man, which not only will he become miserable, so will the marriage. 

So, a husband can say to his wife, if you need to visit your family, or go to the mosque, or visit a dr, or go shopping, you don't need to wait for my approval. Just leave me a note, or ring/message me.

Such a scenario is absolutely fine. This would be ideal, and with good communication both sides will be happy. The ruling of a wife leaving the house only with consent of husband is not something that should be misused or manipulated. 

Also, if a husband knows by leaving the house for a certain purpose or a certain time, or staying out too much will upset his wife, then morally he should not do so, and it will certainly jeopardise his relationship. 

As the verse 3 of Surah al-Nisa` says: عاشِرُوهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوف

A wife is not like a school student, and must not be treated as someone immature. The more independent family members are, the wiser they become and more responsible as well. 

More can be said about this, but I will suffice with this brief answer. 

And Allah knows best. 

As the verse says: 

Bismihi ta'ala

As long as she is under the age of "ya`s" or shar'i menopause, then she must observe 'iddah, which for her is not three menstrual cycles, but rather three full months. 

In fiqh, a woman who is in the age of menstruating, but does not menstruate, she is referred to as mustarabah.  Of course, it would be a good idea for her to refer  to the specific view of her Marja' taqleed. 

And Allah knows best. 

Bismihi ta'ala

If she did ghusl after her sexual climax, and has washed herself, then whatever the case may be after, she considers as pure. 

And Allah knows best. 

Bismihi ta'ala

Islam preaches inner and outer modesty, and as human beings, we feel more safe and secure when we are covered up. This is why all religions somehow promote covering up and not being exposed for onlookers to see. 

If a non-Muslim wishes to dress modestly, then of course that will benefit her. If she wishes to dress like a nun, or as Muslims, then that is also her choice, and it would not be considered as being 'inappropriate'. 

In the case of a Muslim woman, or non-Muslim, wanting to, for example, enter into a holy shrine, there is a requirement that she does wear an abayah/chador. It is not Islamically mandated, but just out of respect. 

And Allah knows best.