Woman

Bismihi ta'ala

It is highly recommended for both men and women to recite Adhan and Iqamah, especially if they are praying on their own, and not in jama'ah. 

Of course, the difference is that a female should recite in a low voice in the presence of a non-mahram. As for performing jama'ah prayers, of course a female can do loud Adhan and a female can lead jama'ah prayers if they are all women. 

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

In general, Islam prohibits abortion, and this is the primary law, considering abortion unlawful and a form of murder, where blood-money must be paid and a kaffarah.

In brief, there are certain circumstances where abortion becomes allowed. In the case of a rape incident, with the victim falling pregnant, before the fourth month (entering of the soul into the fetus), she is allowed to abort the fetus if there is extreme difficulty upon her to keep the baby. This means her mental state as the mother is unstable, her family and social status will be ruined, and she will not be able to bear the extremely damaging consequences of all of this. In this case, she is permitted to have an abortion. 

As for after the fourth month, there are different opinions on this, and she must refer to her Marja' taqleed for the fatwa. 

And Allah knows best. 

Bismihi ta'ala

If you do not have a physical injury or a handicap that would prevent you from observing the correct form of prayer, which is standing up, then you are not allowed to pray sitting down. 

Whatever the environment may be, you must be able to take breaks, in which you can find an empty space to pray in. If the situation is very bad, then you must think of leaving that toxic environment so you are able to express your religious freedom and do you wajibaat in the correct form. 

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

If all necessary shar'i boundaries are observed as far as interaction with a non-mahram person of the opposite gender, then there would not be any problem.

For example, it being in open area, being careful of what type of conversation it is, avoiding lustful gazes, etc.. 

Another thing that could be applicable to certain situations like this is to avoid accusations or suspicious thoughts from others who might see you, but this would depend where you are and what is culturally appropriate in the place you live in.

And Allah knows best
 

Bismihi ta'ala

It is our Shi'i culture that in the two months of Muharram and Safar we do not engage in celebration or any form of public happiness, or adorning ourselves with zeenah, makeup, and so on. 

If one was to dye their hair (as zeenah) in desecrating the sanctity of Ahlul Bayt (a.s.), then it would certainly be haram. 

However, for the sake of getting rid of white hair, and not for zeenah, it would not be considered haram, but best not to, especially if the common custom ('urf) sees it as something wrong. As the hadith expresses, we show happiness when Ahlul Bayt are happy, and we show grief when Ahlul Bayt are sad. 

And Allah knows best.

Bismihi ta'ala

There is no impediment that prohibits a woman from living by herself, as long her parents are happy and it is not socially rejected or taken as a bad sign.

In general, it is makruh to live alone, eat alone, sleep alone, so it would always be better for a person, male or female, to live with other people.  

With prayers for your success.