Sunni-Shi'a

Allah (SWT) Has ordered us in Quran : O you who believe , Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and your divine leaders. Sura 4, verse 59.

'This verse is very clear that it is obligatory to obey Allah absolutely and always, and to obey the Messenger absolutely and always and the divine leaders absolutely and always. This means that all their orders are according to Allah and the Messenger Hesse it is obligatory to obey them as we are ordered to obey Allah and the Messenger. This means that these divine leaders are fully pure and never commit any sin otherwise if they possibly commit any sin then Allah will never Order us to obey a person who might commit a sin as such order can lead to commit a sin which is impossible.

'Sura 33, verse 33 is also clear that Ahlul Bayt are fully purified from any sin or error.

'With out the fact of the infallibility of Ahlul Bayt (Aas) it will be possible to follow any sinful act of the leaders. This is impossible to order Muslims to obey a sinner. Allah says in Quran: : My promised authority will never reach to sinners. Sura Baqara, verse 124, which is very clear that divine leaders can never be sinners.

Wassalam.

Ahlebait (Ahlul Bayt) (AS) is a term for special Prigeny of the Prphet (SAWA) who are been purified by Allah in Sura 33, verse 33.

 The Prophet Muhammad (SAWA) has clearly identified the members of Ahlebait (AS) in authentic Hadeeths and said clearly that they are Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husain. He did not allow any of his wives to to with Ahlebait despite of demand some of them like Um Salamah and Ayesha.

Wassalam.

All Muslims used to refer to Imam Ali and Fatima Al-Zahra and Imam Hasan and Imam Husain as AS. You can ask your friend to read Bukhari book where he can find  him referring to Ali as AS عليه السلام. Till today, there are big Sunni scholars refer to Ahlul Bayt as AS.

‘We are the real followers of Quran and the Prophet and find in Quran Salaam on true believers and no one doubts that Ahlul Bayt (AS) are the best believers.

Wassalam.

If you thought  that time of breaking the fast has definitely come, and based on that you broke you fast according to that, your fast is valid. 
‘If you wish to practice precaution by fasting those days again, you can do so but it is not obligatory.

Wassalam.

Salatul Dhuha is a Bid’ah like Salat Al-Taraweeh because the Prophet (SAWA) never prayed nor approved it. Even in Sunni books like Bukhari, there are Hadeeths that the Prophet never prayed Salat al-Dhuha.

We pray any time recommended prayers of two Rak'ats we can repeat it any number times. We also pray Salat Ja'far Al-Tayyar which is mentioned even in Sunni books as Salat al-Tasbeeh which two Rak'ats then two Rak'ats which include 300 times of Tasbeehat Arba' ( SUBHANALL WAL HANDULILLAH WALA ELLALLAH WALLAHU AKBAR).

There are two ways to perform this very authentic Salah.

Wassalam.

Friday Prayer is very important in Shia Islam and it been performed in thousands of Shia Masjids all over the world. Shia Muslims don't join any Prayer which is been misused by wrong rulers as history has proven in many places where Friday Prayer was made to serve the wrong rulers.

'Our leading Maraaje' of Taqleed have issued verdicts about Friday Prayers. Many of them said it is compulsory to join Friday Prayers while other Maraaje; say the it Wajib Takhyeeri (optional compulsory) which means it is compulsory to join Friday Prayer or Dhuhr.

Wassalam.

Knowledge and degrees of faith are open for women equally as open for men. Many women are much higher in knowledge and faith than thousands of men. Allah (SWT) Created Fatima (AS) who is higher in her knowledge and faith than all human beings except her father and her husband (SAWA). That proves that there is no gender discrimination at all in Islam.

Wassalam.

No. There is no obligation to wear any cap while performing SALAH or reciting Quran. Women should obviously wear Hijab but there is no obligation on men to wear a cap or so. It is recommended for men who can to wear turban to do so while praying SALAH. No obligation at all to cover the head or wear a skull cap.

Wassalam.

Shia Muslims and most of Sunni Muslims seek help from the Prophet and his Holy Progeny because of the order of Allah to all the believers to seek Waseela to Allah. Waseela ( means to Allah)(5:35). The Prophet and his Holy Progeny are the best Waseela (means to Allah).

Shia and most Sunni Muslims say : O Muhammad, O Ali help me. This does not mean that they are not seeking help from Allah, on the contrary,they are seeking help from Allah, with Waseela of Allah's most humble servants. We never claim that one can give us anything away from Allah. It is only Allah Who Grants us our wishes when seek. Seeking from Allah can be directly from Him, and better to seek through the Waseela which was ordered by Allah to seek through.

Prophets were mentioned in Quran seeking help from Allah through pious servants of Allah e,g, Prophet Sulaiman seeking help from Aasif ibn Barkhis to bring the throne of Bilqis immediately (Sura Naml, verses 38, 39 and  40).

Wassalam.

Simply, the Shia narrations are taken from the Prophet (SAWA) through the most authentic source who are Ahlul Bayt (AS) while Sunni narrations are mixture from different sources including untrusted narrators like Abu Huraira who narrated that Prayers is invalid if you see a woman or a donkey or a dog. (Saheeh Muslim , V.4, P.228).

'Some Sunni narrations claim that the woman is like a goat (Al-Qurtobi 15:172).

Wassalam.